Chemical analysis using miniaturized and Portable 3D printed systems: Where are we now?

•Capillary and nano LC have emerged as exemplary techniques in GAC field.•Overview of the challenges and advancements achieved in the miniaturization.•Advancements for micro-columns, detectors, lab-on-chip, 3D printing technologies. With the growing emphasis on green chemistry (GC) and green analyti...

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Published inJournal of Chromatography Open Vol. 8; p. 100241
Main Authors Perrucci, Miryam, Ali, Imran, Mansour, Fotouh R., Ulusoy, Halil I., Ulusoy, Songül, Kabir, Abuzar, Abollino, Ornella, Giacomino, Agnese, Inaudi, Paolo, Locatelli, Marcello, Ricci, Erika Maria
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.11.2025
Elsevier
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Abstract •Capillary and nano LC have emerged as exemplary techniques in GAC field.•Overview of the challenges and advancements achieved in the miniaturization.•Advancements for micro-columns, detectors, lab-on-chip, 3D printing technologies. With the growing emphasis on green chemistry (GC) and green analytical chemistry (GAC), significant efforts have been directed toward minimizing sample size and simplifying sample preparation procedures. Concurrently, ongoing research has enabled the miniaturization of instrumental configurations used for quantitative analysis, aligning with the principles of sustainability. One major challenge lies in the inherent complexity of liquid chromatography systems, which comprise multiple interconnected components. Each component has been subject to miniaturization, with careful attention to preserving analytical sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy when applied to real samples. Interest in miniaturized systems is further fueled by the theoretical principle that reducing flow rates enhances the surface-to-volume ratio, thereby improving detection sensitivity. Building on this theoretical foundation—particularly the goals of portability, efficient sampling, and on site analysis—innovative approaches such as microfluidics and 3D printing have been employed to develop compact fluidic systems. These technologies not only broaden the scope of liquid chromatography but also open new frontiers, such as drug testing on engineered tissues, and the development of new devices suitable for space missions. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the challenges encountered and the advancements achieved in the miniaturization of instrumental setups and portable systems, encompassing both pre- and post-analytical stages. Furthermore, a discussion on 3D technologies available for LC-chip and miniaturized systems was also presented. [Display omitted]
AbstractList With the growing emphasis on green chemistry (GC) and green analytical chemistry (GAC), significant efforts have been directed toward minimizing sample size and simplifying sample preparation procedures. Concurrently, ongoing research has enabled the miniaturization of instrumental configurations used for quantitative analysis, aligning with the principles of sustainability.One major challenge lies in the inherent complexity of liquid chromatography systems, which comprise multiple interconnected components. Each component has been subject to miniaturization, with careful attention to preserving analytical sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy when applied to real samples. Interest in miniaturized systems is further fueled by the theoretical principle that reducing flow rates enhances the surface-to-volume ratio, thereby improving detection sensitivity.Building on this theoretical foundation—particularly the goals of portability, efficient sampling, and on site analysis—innovative approaches such as microfluidics and 3D printing have been employed to develop compact fluidic systems. These technologies not only broaden the scope of liquid chromatography but also open new frontiers, such as drug testing on engineered tissues, and the development of new devices suitable for space missions.This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the challenges encountered and the advancements achieved in the miniaturization of instrumental setups and portable systems, encompassing both pre- and post-analytical stages. Furthermore, a discussion on 3D technologies available for LC-chip and miniaturized systems was also presented.
•Capillary and nano LC have emerged as exemplary techniques in GAC field.•Overview of the challenges and advancements achieved in the miniaturization.•Advancements for micro-columns, detectors, lab-on-chip, 3D printing technologies. With the growing emphasis on green chemistry (GC) and green analytical chemistry (GAC), significant efforts have been directed toward minimizing sample size and simplifying sample preparation procedures. Concurrently, ongoing research has enabled the miniaturization of instrumental configurations used for quantitative analysis, aligning with the principles of sustainability. One major challenge lies in the inherent complexity of liquid chromatography systems, which comprise multiple interconnected components. Each component has been subject to miniaturization, with careful attention to preserving analytical sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy when applied to real samples. Interest in miniaturized systems is further fueled by the theoretical principle that reducing flow rates enhances the surface-to-volume ratio, thereby improving detection sensitivity. Building on this theoretical foundation—particularly the goals of portability, efficient sampling, and on site analysis—innovative approaches such as microfluidics and 3D printing have been employed to develop compact fluidic systems. These technologies not only broaden the scope of liquid chromatography but also open new frontiers, such as drug testing on engineered tissues, and the development of new devices suitable for space missions. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the challenges encountered and the advancements achieved in the miniaturization of instrumental setups and portable systems, encompassing both pre- and post-analytical stages. Furthermore, a discussion on 3D technologies available for LC-chip and miniaturized systems was also presented. [Display omitted]
ArticleNumber 100241
Author Abollino, Ornella
Giacomino, Agnese
Perrucci, Miryam
Locatelli, Marcello
Ricci, Erika Maria
Ulusoy, Halil I.
Mansour, Fotouh R.
Kabir, Abuzar
Ali, Imran
Inaudi, Paolo
Ulusoy, Songül
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  organization: University of Teramo, Department of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, Teramo 64100, Italy
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  givenname: Fotouh R.
  surname: Mansour
  fullname: Mansour, Fotouh R.
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  givenname: Songül
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  givenname: Abuzar
  surname: Kabir
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  givenname: Ornella
  surname: Abollino
  fullname: Abollino, Ornella
  email: ornella.abollino@unito.it
  organization: Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Agnese
  surname: Giacomino
  fullname: Giacomino, Agnese
  email: agnese.giacomino@unito.it
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– sequence: 9
  givenname: Paolo
  surname: Inaudi
  fullname: Inaudi, Paolo
  email: paolo.inaudi@unito.it
  organization: Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Marcello
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0840-825X
  surname: Locatelli
  fullname: Locatelli, Marcello
  email: marcello.locatelli@unich.it
  organization: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Laboratory - Department of Science - University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
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  givenname: Erika Maria
  surname: Ricci
  fullname: Ricci, Erika Maria
  email: erikamaria.ricci@phd.unich.it
  organization: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy - University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
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Keywords Lab-on-a-chip
Miniaturization
3D printed system
Green analytical chemistry and green sample preparation
Portable instrumentation
Language English
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Snippet •Capillary and nano LC have emerged as exemplary techniques in GAC field.•Overview of the challenges and advancements achieved in the...
With the growing emphasis on green chemistry (GC) and green analytical chemistry (GAC), significant efforts have been directed toward minimizing sample size...
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SubjectTerms 3D printed system
Green analytical chemistry and green sample preparation
Lab-on-a-chip
Miniaturization
Portable instrumentation
Title Chemical analysis using miniaturized and Portable 3D printed systems: Where are we now?
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcoa.2025.100241
https://doaj.org/article/34cc13cfea394e0a8ff3dbabb20a4986
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