Archaeobotanical reconstructions of vegetation and report of mummified apple seeds found in the cellar of a first-century Roman villa on Elba Island
In the late Roman Republic period (2nd–1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated b...
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Published in | Comptes rendus. Biologies Vol. 339; no. 11-12; pp. 487 - 497 |
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01.11.2016
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Abstract | In the late Roman Republic period (2nd–1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds. Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds (controls) were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis.
Durant l’époque romaine républicaine tardive (du IIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C.), dans une région historiquement dédiée à l’extraction de minerai de fer, une villa rustica a été installée à San Giovanni, sur l’île d’Elbe, par Marco Valerio Messala, un magistrat « suprême » romain. Les fouilles du site archéologique ont permis de mettre en évidence les fondations du bâtiment. Des études stratigraphiques et paléobotaniques ont été effectuées. Plus précisément, l’observation de couches palynologiques a montré la présence de différents palynomorphes, dont de nombreux restes non polliniques. De plus, une étude anthracologique a confirmé l’hypothèse de l’incendie de la villa au Ier siècle après J.-C., qui a détruit l’édifice et a conduit à la création d’une épaisse et compacte croûte de cendres sous laquelle ont été retrouvées quatre amphores romaines partiellement cassées, mais contenant environ cinq cents pépins de pommes momifiés. La comparaison entre ces pépins archéologiques et des pépins actuels issus de collections de référence a montré une forte différence morphologique, sauf pour un unique groupe d’échantillons fossiles. L’ADN des groupes de pépins de chaque amphore a été isolé à l’aide des spécimens les mieux conservés présentant un embryon toujours intact. Le produit d’extraction de l’ADN archéologiques et de grains actuels de pommes sauvages (Malus sylvestris) ou cultivées (M. domestica) a ensuite été amplifié par PCR. Une analyse des différents génomes a enfin été effectuée à l’aide de marqueurs moléculaires de type SSR. |
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AbstractList | In the late Roman Republic period (2nd–1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds. Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds (controls) were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis. In the late Roman Republic period (2nd-1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds. Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds (controls) were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis.In the late Roman Republic period (2nd-1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds. Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds (controls) were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis. In the late Roman Republic period (2nd–1st century BC), in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds. Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds (controls) were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis. Durant l’époque romaine républicaine tardive (du IIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C.), dans une région historiquement dédiée à l’extraction de minerai de fer, une villa rustica a été installée à San Giovanni, sur l’île d’Elbe, par Marco Valerio Messala, un magistrat « suprême » romain. Les fouilles du site archéologique ont permis de mettre en évidence les fondations du bâtiment. Des études stratigraphiques et paléobotaniques ont été effectuées. Plus précisément, l’observation de couches palynologiques a montré la présence de différents palynomorphes, dont de nombreux restes non polliniques. De plus, une étude anthracologique a confirmé l’hypothèse de l’incendie de la villa au Ier siècle après J.-C., qui a détruit l’édifice et a conduit à la création d’une épaisse et compacte croûte de cendres sous laquelle ont été retrouvées quatre amphores romaines partiellement cassées, mais contenant environ cinq cents pépins de pommes momifiés. La comparaison entre ces pépins archéologiques et des pépins actuels issus de collections de référence a montré une forte différence morphologique, sauf pour un unique groupe d’échantillons fossiles. L’ADN des groupes de pépins de chaque amphore a été isolé à l’aide des spécimens les mieux conservés présentant un embryon toujours intact. Le produit d’extraction de l’ADN archéologiques et de grains actuels de pommes sauvages (Malus sylvestris) ou cultivées (M. domestica) a ensuite été amplifié par PCR. Une analyse des différents génomes a enfin été effectuée à l’aide de marqueurs moléculaires de type SSR. |
Author | Cambi, Franco Vignani, Rita Dugerdil, Lucas Milanesi, Claudio Cresti, Mauro Scali, Monica Faleri, Claudia |
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Keywords | Mummified embryo Villa romaine SSR markers Ier siècle avant J.-C Malus seeds First century AD Roman villa Pépin de pomme Embryon momifié Marqueur SSR I(er) siècle avant J.-C |
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SubjectTerms | apples archaeobotany Archaeology DNA DNA, Plant - genetics Embryon momifié First century AD genetic markers Genetic Markers - genetics Ier siècle avant J.-C Islands Italy Malus - genetics Malus seeds Marqueur SSR microsatellite repeats Mummified embryo palynology Polymerase Chain Reaction Pépin de pomme Roman villa seeds Seeds - genetics sequence analysis SSR markers vegetation Villa romaine |
Title | Archaeobotanical reconstructions of vegetation and report of mummified apple seeds found in the cellar of a first-century Roman villa on Elba Island |
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