Sense of Agency in Closed-Loop Muscle Stimulation

• Published in: IEEE access Vol. 13; pp. 105417 - 105433
• Main Authors: Gehrke, Lukas, Terfurth, Leonie, Gramann, Klaus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Actuation; Augmentation; brain-computer interface; Closed loops; EEG; Electroencephalography; Environmental management; Feedback control; Hands; Hardware; Human-computer interface; Motors; muscle stimulation; Muscles; Neuromuscular electrical stimulation; Particle measurements; Presses; Propioception; Qualitative analysis; Real time; Reviews; sense of agency; Stimulation

To maintain a user's sense of agency (SoA) when using motor augmentation devices, system actuation must align with the user's intention. While stimulus-response paradigms in lab settings allow precise timing, real-world use requires detecting user volition directly. We developed a closed-l...