Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions
Balota and Lorch 1986 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 336–345 have shown that semantic mediated priming (e.g., from “lion” to “stripes” via “tiger”) occurs in naming but not in lexical decisions (see also de Groot 1983, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal B...
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| Published in | Journal of memory and language Vol. 27; no. 5; pp. 545 - 559 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
San Diego, CA
Elsevier Inc
01.10.1988
Elsevier Academic Press |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Balota and Lorch 1986
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 336–345 have shown that semantic mediated priming (e.g., from “lion” to “stripes” via “tiger”) occurs in naming but not in lexical decisions (see also de Groot 1983,
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
22, 417–436). Several investigators have hypothesized that semantic mediated priming does not appear in lexical decisions because subjects attempt to expedite the binary lexical decision by engaging in postretrieval relatedness checking: Subjects are biased to respond “word” when a target is related to its prime and “nonword” when a target is unrelated to its prime. Because the relation between mediated pairs is usually quite subtle, subjects are biased to respond “nonword” for these items, which obscures facilitation that may be occurring from spreading activation. This account suggests that mediated priming will appear in lexical decisions if (a) directly related words (e.g., “lion-tiger”) are not included on test lists or (b) a task is used that discourages relatedness checking. Experiment 1 tested the first possibility and Experiment 2 tested the second. Both experiments demonstrated statistically reliable semantic mediated priming in lexical decisions. Two additional experiments showed that mediated priming was smaller than direct priming and that it generalized to new materials. These results support spreading-activation theories of retrieval but provide evidence against several “nonspreading-activation” theories. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Balota and Lorch 1986
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 336–345 have shown that semantic mediated priming (e.g., from “lion” to “stripes” via “tiger”) occurs in naming but not in lexical decisions (see also de Groot 1983,
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
22, 417–436). Several investigators have hypothesized that semantic mediated priming does not appear in lexical decisions because subjects attempt to expedite the binary lexical decision by engaging in postretrieval relatedness checking: Subjects are biased to respond “word” when a target is related to its prime and “nonword” when a target is unrelated to its prime. Because the relation between mediated pairs is usually quite subtle, subjects are biased to respond “nonword” for these items, which obscures facilitation that may be occurring from spreading activation. This account suggests that mediated priming will appear in lexical decisions if (a) directly related words (e.g., “lion-tiger”) are not included on test lists or (b) a task is used that discourages relatedness checking. Experiment 1 tested the first possibility and Experiment 2 tested the second. Both experiments demonstrated statistically reliable semantic mediated priming in lexical decisions. Two additional experiments showed that mediated priming was smaller than direct priming and that it generalized to new materials. These results support spreading-activation theories of retrieval but provide evidence against several “nonspreading-activation” theories. |
| Author | Altarriba, Jeanette McNamara, Timothy P |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Timothy P surname: McNamara fullname: McNamara, Timothy P – sequence: 2 givenname: Jeanette surname: Altarriba fullname: Altarriba, Jeanette |
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| Keywords | Context Facilitation Human Semantic relation Lexicons Language Priming effect Lexical decision Memory layout Decision |
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| References_xml | – volume: 14 start-page: 398 year: 1988 end-page: 409 ident: BIB19 article-title: Semantic, phonological, and mediated priming in reading and lexical decisions publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition – year: 1987 ident: BIB3 article-title: A rational analysis of human memory publication-title: Paper presented at the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society – volume: Vol. 2 start-page: 289 year: 1977 end-page: 327 ident: BIB29 article-title: The word identification process in reading publication-title: Cognitive theory – volume: 85 start-page: 59 year: 1978 end-page: 108 ident: BIB24 article-title: A theory of memory retrieval publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 111 start-page: 208 year: 1982 end-page: 227 ident: BIB18 article-title: Visual search and reading of rapid serial presentations of letter strings, words, and text publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General – volume: 93 start-page: 46 year: 1986 end-page: 74 ident: BIB14 article-title: Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: Attentional priming, learning, and resonance publication-title: Psychological Review – year: 1986 ident: BIB22 article-title: Retrospective postlexical processes produce the proportion effect in semantic priming publication-title: Paper presented at the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society – volume: 16 start-page: 91 year: 1977 end-page: 98 ident: BIB28 article-title: Control properties of semantic coding in a lexical decision task publication-title: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior – volume: 5 start-page: 84 year: 1977 end-page: 89 ident: BIB31 article-title: Semantic-context effects on word recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items in an appropriate context publication-title: Memory & Cognition – volume: 82 start-page: 407 year: 1975 end-page: 428 ident: BIB8 article-title: A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 89 start-page: 609 year: 1982 end-page: 626 ident: BIB21 article-title: A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 93 start-page: 411 year: 1986 end-page: 428 ident: BIB15 article-title: “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 91 start-page: 1 year: 1984 end-page: 67 ident: BIB13 article-title: A retrieval model for both recognition and recall publication-title: Psychological Review – year: 1976 ident: BIB1 article-title: Language, memory, and thought – volume: 99 start-page: 315 year: 1986 end-page: 340 ident: BIB10 article-title: Priming single digit numbers: Automatic spreading activation dissipates as a function of semantic distance publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – volume: 10 start-page: 340 year: 1984 end-page: 357 ident: BIB5 article-title: Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? 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publication-title: Psychological Review doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.454 – volume: 14 start-page: 398 year: 1988 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB19 article-title: Semantic, phonological, and mediated priming in reading and lexical decisions publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.14.3.398 – volume: 82 start-page: 407 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB8 article-title: A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing publication-title: Psychological Review doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407 – volume: 93 start-page: 411 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB15 article-title: “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model publication-title: Psychological Review doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.4.411 – volume: 5 start-page: 84 year: 1977 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB31 article-title: Semantic-context effects on word recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items in an appropriate context publication-title: Memory & Cognition doi: 10.3758/BF03209197 – year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB22 article-title: Retrospective postlexical processes produce the proportion effect in semantic priming – year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB3 article-title: A rational analysis of human memory – volume: 12 start-page: 336 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB6 article-title: Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decisions publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.336 – volume: 12 start-page: 315 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB27 article-title: Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition publication-title: Memory & Cognition doi: 10.3758/BF03198291 – volume: 10 start-page: 340 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3_BIB5 article-title: Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? 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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
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| Title | Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions |
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