High Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations: An Explanation for Seeps Offshore South Mocha Island

Recent studies have reported cold seeps offshore of Mocha Island. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin could explain seeps presence. Gas-phase (gas hydrate and free gas) and geothermal gradients were estimated analysing two seismic sections. Close to Mocha Island (up to 20 km) were detec...

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Published inEnergies (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 11; p. 3062
Main Authors Vargas-Cordero, Iván, Tinivella, Umberta, Villar-Muñoz, Lucía, Bento, Joaquim
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2018
Subjects
bottom simulating reflector (BSR)
Climate change
Earth
Earthquakes
Estimates
gas hydrate
Gas hydrates
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases
Hydrates
Marine sediments
Methane
Mocha Island
Ocean floor
Sediments
Seepage
Seismicity
Studies
Temperature
Vapor phases
Velocity
Water depth
Chile
United States > US
Alaska
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Abstract Recent studies have reported cold seeps offshore of Mocha Island. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin could explain seeps presence. Gas-phase (gas hydrate and free gas) and geothermal gradients were estimated analysing two seismic sections. Close to Mocha Island (up to 20 km) were detected high (up to 1900 m/s) and low (1260 m/s) velocities associated with high gas hydrate (up to 20% of total volume) and free gas (up to 1.1% of total volume) concentrations, respectively. A variable and high geothermal gradient (65–110 °C/km) was obtained. These results are related to high supply of deep fluids canalised by faults and fractures. Faraway from Mocha Island (>60 km), free gas concentrations decrease to 0.3% of total volume and low geothermal gradient (from 35 to 60 °C/km) are associated with low fluids supply. Finally, we propose gas hydrate dissociation processes as the main supply source for seeps in the vicinity of Mocha Island. These processes can be caused by: (a) active faults and seismic activity; and (b) warm fluid expulsion from deeper zones altering hydrate stability conditions. In both cases, gas hydrate dissociation could generate slope instability and landslides, as occurred in the past in this region and reported in the literature.
AbstractList In this context, gas hydrate estimates contribute to evaluate submarine geohazards, global warming contribution related to gas hydrate dissociation and the potential methane reservoir. [...]estimates of methane stored in marine sediments as gas hydrate and free gas phases can be used to model more realistic scenarios associated with gas hydrates dissociation and its effects as a greenhouse gas. The main parameters to consider are: (1) BSR depth (ZBSR); (2) seafloor depth (ZSEA); (3) BSR temperature (TBSR); and (4) seafloor temperature (TSEA). [...]the geothermal gradient can be obtained using the following relationship: dT/dZ = (TBSR − TSEA)/(ZBSR − ZSEA) where TSEA was obtained from ODP information and reported studies in Central Chile [46,47]. [...]in this part of the Chilean margin, high magnitude and recurrent seismicity are reported [37,61,62,63] Besides, cold seeps documented and extensional faults interpreted in this study are connected in deep with BSR presence, reaching the seabed at 500 m water depth (see SO161–35 profile in Figure 2 and Figure 3). [...]considering high gas hydrate (average 7.5% of total volume) and free gas concentrations (0.4% of total volume) reported in this study, we conclude that close to Mocha Island gas hydrate dissociation processes occurring in the past and, potentially, in the present can constitute the main seepage supply source along this part of the Chilean margin. 5.
Recent studies have reported cold seeps offshore of Mocha Island. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin could explain seeps presence. Gas-phase (gas hydrate and free gas) and geothermal gradients were estimated analysing two seismic sections. Close to Mocha Island (up to 20 km) were detected high (up to 1900 m/s) and low (1260 m/s) velocities associated with high gas hydrate (up to 20% of total volume) and free gas (up to 1.1% of total volume) concentrations, respectively. A variable and high geothermal gradient (65–110 °C/km) was obtained. These results are related to high supply of deep fluids canalised by faults and fractures. Faraway from Mocha Island (>60 km), free gas concentrations decrease to 0.3% of total volume and low geothermal gradient (from 35 to 60 °C/km) are associated with low fluids supply. Finally, we propose gas hydrate dissociation processes as the main supply source for seeps in the vicinity of Mocha Island. These processes can be caused by: (a) active faults and seismic activity; and (b) warm fluid expulsion from deeper zones altering hydrate stability conditions. In both cases, gas hydrate dissociation could generate slope instability and landslides, as occurred in the past in this region and reported in the literature.
Recent studies have reported cold seeps offshore of Mocha Island. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin could explain seeps presence. Gas-phase (gas hydrate and free gas) and geothermal gradients were estimated analysing two seismic sections. Close to Mocha Island (up to 20 km) were detected high (up to 1900 m/s) and low (1260 m/s) velocities associated with high gas hydrate (up to 20% of total volume) and free gas (up to 1.1% of total volume) concentrations, respectively. A variable and high geothermal gradient (65⁻110 °C/km) was obtained. These results are related to high supply of deep fluids canalised by faults and fractures. Faraway from Mocha Island (>60 km), free gas concentrations decrease to 0.3% of total volume and low geothermal gradient (from 35 to 60 °C/km) are associated with low fluids supply. Finally, we propose gas hydrate dissociation processes as the main supply source for seeps in the vicinity of Mocha Island. These processes can be caused by: (a) active faults and seismic activity; and (b) warm fluid expulsion from deeper zones altering hydrate stability conditions. In both cases, gas hydrate dissociation could generate slope instability and landslides, as occurred in the past in this region and reported in the literature.
Author Bento, Joaquim
Vargas-Cordero, Iván
Villar-Muñoz, Lucía
Tinivella, Umberta
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Snippet Recent studies have reported cold seeps offshore of Mocha Island. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin could explain seeps presence. Gas-phase (gas...
In this context, gas hydrate estimates contribute to evaluate submarine geohazards, global warming contribution related to gas hydrate dissociation and the...
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StartPage 3062
SubjectTerms bottom simulating reflector (BSR)
Climate change
Earth
Earthquakes
Estimates
gas hydrate
Gas hydrates
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases
Hydrates
Marine sediments
Methane
Mocha Island
Ocean floor
Sediments
Seepage
Seismicity
Studies
Temperature
Vapor phases
Velocity
Water depth
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Title High Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations: An Explanation for Seeps Offshore South Mocha Island
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