Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian events and fetal gestational parameters in two southern black rhinoceros ( [formula omitted][formula omitted][formula omitted]) and correlation to fecal progesterone

A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species. Reproductive study of two southern black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis minor ) females was performed daily to every other day for a ∼60 day period to do...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inTheriogenology Vol. 55; no. 5; pp. 1033 - 1049
Main Authors Radcliffe, R.W., Eyres, A.I., Patton, M.L., Czekala, N.M., Emslie, R.H.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 15.03.2001
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species. Reproductive study of two southern black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis minor ) females was performed daily to every other day for a ∼60 day period to document ovarian changes, and three times weekly in early pregnancy to once monthly in late pregnancy in order to characterize changes in fetal parameters throughout gestation. All ovarian and fetal anatomical structures were measured in millimeters. The mean (+/− SD) length of the estrous cycle or interovulatory period was 26 +/− 1.4 days (n=2 cycles). Follicular growth rate of a dominant follicles was ∼3 mm/day once the follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Ovulation was observed to occur at a mean (+/− SD) follicular diameter of 49.5 +/− 2.6 mm (n=4) and within 48 to 72 h after observed estrus (n=2). Large ovarian structures [mean (+/− SD) diameter of 71.7 +/− 2.9 mm; n=3], considered analogous to equine anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles, were observed to form in the winter months and suggest seasonal periods of reduced fertility. Fecal progesterone assays confirmed ultrasonographic events. Although preliminary, the results of fetal sexing are presented and compared to the horse. Our data indicate that fetal eye or fetal foot diameter measurements can be used to accurately predict gestational age from about 2 months to term, providing useful information to managers of both captive and wild rhino populations. The ability to identify and quickly release animals in late term pregnancy in the wild and thereby reduce abortions and neonatal mortalities in holding bomas is one potential practical conservation benefit of the fetal are predictive models.
AbstractList A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species. Reproductive study of two southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) females was performed daily to every other day for a approximately 60 day period to document ovarian changes, and three times weekly in early pregnancy to once monthly in late pregnancy in order to characterize changes in fetal parameters throughout gestation. All ovarian and fetal anatomical structures were measured in millimeters. The mean (+/- SD) length of the estrous cycle or interovulatory period was 26 +/- 1.4 days (n=2 cycles). Follicular growth rate of a dominant follicle was approximately 3 mm/day once the follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Ovulation was observed to occur at a mean (+/- SD) follicular diameter of 49.5 +/- 2.6 mm (n=4) and within 48 to 72 h after observed estrus (n=2). Large ovarian structures [mean (+/- SD) diameter of 71.7 +/- 2.9 mm; n=3], considered analogous to equine anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles, were observed to form in the winter months and suggest seasonal periods of reduced fertility. Fecal progesterone assays confirmed ultrasonographic events. Although preliminary, the results of fetal sexing are presented and compared to the horse. Our data indicate that fetal eye or fetal foot diameter measurements can be used to accurately predict gestational age from about 2 months to term, providing useful information to managers of both captive and wild rhino populations. The ability to identify and quickly release animals in late term pregnancy in the wild and thereby reduce-abortions and neonatal mortalities in holding bomas is one potential practical conservation benefit of the fetal age predictive models.
A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species. Reproductive study of two southern black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis minor ) females was performed daily to every other day for a ∼60 day period to document ovarian changes, and three times weekly in early pregnancy to once monthly in late pregnancy in order to characterize changes in fetal parameters throughout gestation. All ovarian and fetal anatomical structures were measured in millimeters. The mean (+/− SD) length of the estrous cycle or interovulatory period was 26 +/− 1.4 days (n=2 cycles). Follicular growth rate of a dominant follicles was ∼3 mm/day once the follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Ovulation was observed to occur at a mean (+/− SD) follicular diameter of 49.5 +/− 2.6 mm (n=4) and within 48 to 72 h after observed estrus (n=2). Large ovarian structures [mean (+/− SD) diameter of 71.7 +/− 2.9 mm; n=3], considered analogous to equine anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles, were observed to form in the winter months and suggest seasonal periods of reduced fertility. Fecal progesterone assays confirmed ultrasonographic events. Although preliminary, the results of fetal sexing are presented and compared to the horse. Our data indicate that fetal eye or fetal foot diameter measurements can be used to accurately predict gestational age from about 2 months to term, providing useful information to managers of both captive and wild rhino populations. The ability to identify and quickly release animals in late term pregnancy in the wild and thereby reduce abortions and neonatal mortalities in holding bomas is one potential practical conservation benefit of the fetal are predictive models.
Author Czekala, N.M.
Radcliffe, R.W.
Emslie, R.H.
Patton, M.L.
Eyres, A.I.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: R.W.
  surname: Radcliffe
  fullname: Radcliffe, R.W.
  organization: Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, 2155 County Road 2008, Glen Rose, Texas 76043 USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: A.I.
  surname: Eyres
  fullname: Eyres, A.I.
  organization: Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, 2155 County Road 2008, Glen Rose, Texas 76043 USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: M.L.
  surname: Patton
  fullname: Patton, M.L.
  organization: Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego, California 92101 USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: N.M.
  surname: Czekala
  fullname: Czekala, N.M.
  organization: Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego, California 92101 USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: R.H.
  surname: Emslie
  fullname: Emslie, R.H.
  organization: IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Cascades, 3202 South Africa
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322232$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqFkVtrFTEUhYNU7Gn1Jyh5kvZhNJe55UmkeIOCD1oQRMKezE5PdCY5TTJH9Gf6i8y5oI99Sghr7W_trDNy4oNHQp5y9oIz3r78xJiSVav4lwvGLxmr27oSD8iK952qpJD8hKz-SU7JWUrfGWOybfkjcsq5FEJIsSJ_bqYcIQUfbiNs1s5Qs4YIJmN0vyG74GmwNGwhOvAUt-hzouBHajHDRG8x5b2q3DfFN2MxJuo8zT8DTWHJa4yeDhOYHzSunQ8GY0j0gn61Ic7LBDTMLmccv93_cLkHmxAjTodoOZQcZseOYRelzPb4mDy0MCV8cjzPyc3bN5-v3lfXH999uHp9XRnZ8lw1XdMo0UMjgAthOotD38hhsMqOqh5BGFUr4Nw0PVeNseUv287WwvbCQl-38pw8P8wt8Lul0PXsksFpAo9hSbpjXVeLnhdhcxCasnqKaPUmuhniL82Z3pWp92XqXVOacb0vU4vie3YELMOM43_Xsb0ieHUQYFlz6zDqZBx6g6OLaLIeg7sH8Rft57g6
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2011_02_010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jevs_2008_07_021
crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_21106
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1748_1090_2006_00130_x
crossref_primary_10_1093_conphys_cot034
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0093_691X_02_00937_8
crossref_primary_10_3390_life12060796
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2004_08_007
crossref_primary_10_1638_04_107_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2007_03_005
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2019_05_015
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0093_691X_03_00034_7
crossref_primary_10_1111_mam_12138
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2011_05_032
crossref_primary_10_1002_mrd_22953
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2018_07_006
crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_10028
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_therwi_2023_100065
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_smallrumres_2011_12_006
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani13233653
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2014_07_026
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2005_09_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2019_113376
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1748_1090_2007_00017_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2004_04_007
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2017_12_007
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1439_0531_2007_00924_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anireprosci_2006_07_002
crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_10131
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2023_114214
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_therwi_2024_100090
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_theriogenology_2020_06_035
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anireprosci_2016_07_003
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2020_113487
Cites_doi 10.2527/1990.68113755x
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:1<37::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-D
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:2<159::AID-ZOO6>3.0.CO;2-A
10.1530/jrf.0.0940237
10.1530/jrf.0.0980285
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:5<445::AID-ZOO7>3.0.CO;2-A
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:2<111::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-0
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<121::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-C
10.1002/zoo.1430100308
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2001
Copyright_xml – notice: 2001
DBID CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
DOI 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2
DatabaseName Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE
MEDLINE - Academic

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Veterinary Medicine
Agriculture
EISSN 1879-3231
EndPage 1049
ExternalDocumentID 10_1016_S0093_691X_01_00464_2
11322232
S0093691X01004642
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GroupedDBID ---
--K
--M
.GJ
.~1
0R~
123
186
1B1
1RT
1~.
1~5
29Q
4.4
457
4G.
53G
5VS
7-5
71M
8P~
9JM
AABNK
AABVA
AACTN
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAIAV
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALCJ
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AAQXK
AATLK
AAXUO
ABBQC
ABFNM
ABGRD
ABGSF
ABJNI
ABKYH
ABLVK
ABMAC
ABMZM
ABRWV
ABUDA
ABXDB
ABYKQ
ACDAQ
ACGFS
ACIUM
ACRLP
ADBBV
ADEZE
ADMUD
ADQTV
ADUVX
AEBSH
AEHWI
AEKER
AENEX
AEQOU
AESVU
AEXOQ
AFKWA
AFTJW
AFXIZ
AGHFR
AGRDE
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AHHHB
AIEXJ
AIKHN
AITUG
AJBFU
AJOXV
AJRQY
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMFUW
AMRAJ
ANZVX
ASPBG
AVWKF
AXJTR
AZFZN
BKOJK
BLXMC
BNPGV
CBWCG
CS3
DOVZS
EBS
EFJIC
EFLBG
EJD
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
F5P
FDB
FEDTE
FGOYB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
G-2
G-Q
GBLVA
HLV
HMK
HMO
HVGLF
HZ~
IHE
J1W
KOM
LCYCR
LW9
M29
M41
MO0
N9A
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
Q38
QYZTP
R2-
RIG
ROL
RPZ
SAB
SAE
SDF
SDG
SEL
SES
SEW
SNL
SPCBC
SSA
SSH
SSU
SSZ
SVS
T5K
TWZ
WH7
WUQ
Y6R
~G-
~KM
AAHBH
AAXKI
AKRWK
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
ACRPL
ADNMO
AFJKZ
CITATION
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-5755928a52a122c7feb853bbf9fd94da2c949a11c58195cf09367f42f82fa8463
IEDL.DBID .~1
ISSN 0093-691X
IngestDate Fri Oct 25 07:25:15 EDT 2024
Fri Dec 06 04:00:38 EST 2024
Sat Sep 28 08:35:52 EDT 2024
Fri Feb 23 02:24:22 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Keywords estrous cycle
black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis
pregnancy
reproduction
Language English
License https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c361t-5755928a52a122c7feb853bbf9fd94da2c949a11c58195cf09367f42f82fa8463
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
PMID 11322232
PQID 70774281
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 17
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_70774281
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0093_691X_01_00464_2
pubmed_primary_11322232
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_S0093_691X_01_00464_2
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2001-03-15
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2001-03-15
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2001
  text: 2001-03-15
  day: 15
PublicationDecade 2000
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
PublicationTitle Theriogenology
PublicationTitleAlternate Theriogenology
PublicationYear 2001
Publisher Elsevier Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Inc
References Grieger, Scarborough, de Avila, Johnson, Reeves (BIB10) 1990; 68
Neter, Wasserman, Whitmore (BIB14) 1979
Owen-Smith (BIB15) 1973
Zar (BIB23) 1984
Kock, Morton, Kock (BIB13) 1991; 58
Ginther (BIB8) 1995
Hindle, Mostl, Hodges (BIB11) 1992; 94
Czekala, Callison (BIB5) 1996; 15
Radcliffe, Eyres, Miller (BIB19) 1999
Patton, Swaisgood, Czekala, White, Fetter, Montagne, Rieches, Lance (BIB16) 1999; 18
Ginther (BIB7) 1995
Schwarzenberger, Tomasova, Holeckova, Matern, Mostl (BIB22) 1996; 15
Schaffer, Zainal-Zahari, Suri, Jainudeen, Jeyendran (BIB20) 1994; 25
Radcliffe, Czekala, Osofsky (BIB18) 1997; 16
Ginther (BIB6) 1992
Atkinson (BIB3) 1997
Radcliffe, Bommarito, Osofsky (BIB17) 1996; 21
Berkeley, Kirkpatrick, Schaffer, Bryant, Threlfall (BIB4) 1997; 16
Goltenboth (BIB9) 1999
Adcock (BIB2) 2000
Adams, Plotka, Asa, Ginther (BIB1) 1991; 10
Schwarzenberger, Francke, Goltenboth (BIB21) 1993; 98
Hitchins, Anderson (BIB12) 1983; 13
Czekala (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB5) 1996; 15
Hindle (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB11) 1992; 94
Kock (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB13) 1991; 58
Adams (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB1) 1991; 10
Radcliffe (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB17) 1996; 21
Neter (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB14) 1979
Owen-Smith (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB15) 1973
Schaffer (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB20) 1994; 25
Zar (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB23) 1984
Radcliffe (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB19) 1999
Hitchins (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB12) 1983; 13
Radcliffe (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB18) 1997; 16
Goltenboth (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB9) 1999
Atkinson (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB3) 1997
Ginther (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB8) 1995
Schwarzenberger (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB22) 1996; 15
Ginther (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB6) 1992
Patton (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB16) 1999; 18
Grieger (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB10) 1990; 68
Adcock (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB2) 2000
Berkeley (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB4) 1997; 16
Schwarzenberger (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB21) 1993; 98
Ginther (10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB7) 1995
References_xml – year: 1973
  ident: BIB15
  article-title: The behavioural ecology of the white rhinoceros
  publication-title: Ph.D. thesis
  contributor:
    fullname: Owen-Smith
– volume: 18
  start-page: 111
  year: 1999
  end-page: 127
  ident: BIB16
  article-title: Reproductive cycle length and pregnancy in the southern white rhinoceros(
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Lance
– volume: 98
  start-page: 285
  year: 1993
  end-page: 291
  ident: BIB21
  article-title: Concentrations of faecal immunoreactive progestagen metabolites during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in the black rhinoceros (
  publication-title: J Reprod Fertil
  contributor:
    fullname: Goltenboth
– volume: 68
  start-page: 3755
  year: 1990
  end-page: 3764
  ident: BIB10
  article-title: Active immunization of beef heifers against luteinizing hormone: III. Evaluation of dose and longevity
  publication-title: J Anim Sci
  contributor:
    fullname: Reeves
– volume: 16
  start-page: 121
  year: 1997
  end-page: 132
  ident: BIB4
  article-title: Serum and fecal steroid analysis of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the black rhinoceros (
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Threlfall
– year: 1995
  ident: BIB8
  publication-title: Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Horses, Book 2
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– volume: 25
  start-page: 337
  year: 1994
  end-page: 348
  ident: BIB20
  article-title: Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the sumatran rhinoceros (
  publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med
  contributor:
    fullname: Jeyendran
– volume: 58
  start-page: 55
  year: 1991
  end-page: 57
  ident: BIB13
  article-title: Reproductive parameters in free-ranging female black rhinoceroses (
  publication-title: Onderstepoort J Vet Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Kock
– start-page: 743
  year: 1979
  ident: BIB14
  publication-title: Applied Statistics (Fifth printing)
  contributor:
    fullname: Whitmore
– volume: 16
  start-page: 445
  year: 1997
  end-page: 456
  ident: BIB18
  article-title: Combined serial ultrasonography and fecal progestin analysis for reproductive evaluation of the female white rhinoceros (
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Osofsky
– year: 1999
  ident: BIB19
  article-title: Reproductive management of the captive rhinoceros: a collaborative approach to maximize rhino health and reproduction
  publication-title: Proc. First Ann. Rhino Keepers Workshop
  contributor:
    fullname: Miller
– year: 1997
  ident: BIB3
  article-title: Possible determinants of skewed natal sex ratios in captive black (
  publication-title: Report prepared for the International Rhino Foundation
  contributor:
    fullname: Atkinson
– volume: 15
  start-page: 159
  year: 1996
  end-page: 171
  ident: BIB22
  article-title: Measurement of fecal steroids in the black rhinoceros (
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Mostl
– volume: 15
  start-page: 37
  year: 1996
  end-page: 44
  ident: BIB5
  article-title: Pregnancy diagnosis in the black rhinoceros (
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Callison
– volume: 94
  start-page: 237
  year: 1992
  end-page: 249
  ident: BIB11
  article-title: Measurement of urinary oestrogens and 20 - dihydroprogesterone during the ovarian cycle of black (
  publication-title: J Reprod Fertil
  contributor:
    fullname: Hodges
– start-page: 74
  year: 2000
  ident: BIB2
  article-title: Status and Management of Black Rhino in South Africa
  publication-title: confidential report
  contributor:
    fullname: Adcock
– volume: 21
  start-page: 55
  year: 1996
  end-page: 59
  ident: BIB17
  article-title: Ultrasonography as a tool in the conservation of the African rhinoceros: ex situ and in situ applications
  publication-title: Pachyderm
  contributor:
    fullname: Osofsky
– year: 1995
  ident: BIB7
  publication-title: Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Fundamentals, Book 1
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– year: 1992
  ident: BIB6
  publication-title: Reproductive Biology of the Mare, Basic and Applied Aspects
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– volume: 10
  start-page: 247
  year: 1991
  end-page: 259
  ident: BIB1
  article-title: Feasibility of characterizing reproductive events in large nondomestic species by transrectal ultrasonic imaging
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– year: 1999
  ident: BIB9
  publication-title: International Studbook for African Rhinoceroses
  contributor:
    fullname: Goltenboth
– volume: 13
  start-page: 78
  year: 1983
  end-page: 85
  ident: BIB12
  article-title: Reproduction, population characteristics and management of the black rhinoceros
  publication-title: South African J Wildl Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Anderson
– start-page: 718
  year: 1984
  ident: BIB23
  publication-title: Biostatistical Analysis
  contributor:
    fullname: Zar
– volume: 68
  start-page: 3755
  year: 1990
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB10
  article-title: Active immunization of beef heifers against luteinizing hormone: III. Evaluation of dose and longevity
  publication-title: J Anim Sci
  doi: 10.2527/1990.68113755x
  contributor:
    fullname: Grieger
– year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB6
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– volume: 15
  start-page: 37
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB5
  article-title: Pregnancy diagnosis in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) by salivary hormone analysis
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:1<37::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-D
  contributor:
    fullname: Czekala
– volume: 13
  start-page: 78
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB12
  article-title: Reproduction, population characteristics and management of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis minor in the Hluhluwe/Corridor/Umfolozi Game Reserve Complex
  publication-title: South African J Wildl Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Hitchins
– year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB9
  contributor:
    fullname: Goltenboth
– start-page: 743
  year: 1979
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB14
  contributor:
    fullname: Neter
– volume: 25
  start-page: 337
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB20
  article-title: Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
  publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med
  contributor:
    fullname: Schaffer
– volume: 15
  start-page: 159
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB22
  article-title: Measurement of fecal steroids in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) using group-specific enzyme immunoassays for 20-oxo-pregnanes
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:2<159::AID-ZOO6>3.0.CO;2-A
  contributor:
    fullname: Schwarzenberger
– volume: 94
  start-page: 237
  year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB11
  article-title: Measurement of urinary oestrogens and 20 - dihydroprogesterone during the ovarian cycle of black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses
  publication-title: J Reprod Fertil
  doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0940237
  contributor:
    fullname: Hindle
– volume: 98
  start-page: 285
  year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB21
  article-title: Concentrations of faecal immunoreactive progestagen metabolites during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli)
  publication-title: J Reprod Fertil
  doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0980285
  contributor:
    fullname: Schwarzenberger
– year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB7
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB8
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginther
– volume: 16
  start-page: 445
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB18
  article-title: Combined serial ultrasonography and fecal progestin analysis for reproductive evaluation of the female white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium Simum simum): preliminary results
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:5<445::AID-ZOO7>3.0.CO;2-A
  contributor:
    fullname: Radcliffe
– year: 1973
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB15
  article-title: The behavioural ecology of the white rhinoceros
  contributor:
    fullname: Owen-Smith
– volume: 18
  start-page: 111
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB16
  article-title: Reproductive cycle length and pregnancy in the southern white rhinoceros(Ceratotherium simum simum) as determined by fecal pregnane analysis and observations of mating behavior
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:2<111::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-0
  contributor:
    fullname: Patton
– volume: 21
  start-page: 55
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB17
  article-title: Ultrasonography as a tool in the conservation of the African rhinoceros: ex situ and in situ applications
  publication-title: Pachyderm
  contributor:
    fullname: Radcliffe
– year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB3
  article-title: Possible determinants of skewed natal sex ratios in captive black (Diceros bicornis) and Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis) rhinoceros in North America
  publication-title: Report prepared for the International Rhino Foundation
  contributor:
    fullname: Atkinson
– volume: 16
  start-page: 121
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB4
  article-title: Serum and fecal steroid analysis of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<121::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-C
  contributor:
    fullname: Berkeley
– year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB19
  article-title: Reproductive management of the captive rhinoceros: a collaborative approach to maximize rhino health and reproduction
  publication-title: Proc. First Ann. Rhino Keepers Workshop
  contributor:
    fullname: Radcliffe
– volume: 10
  start-page: 247
  year: 1991
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB1
  article-title: Feasibility of characterizing reproductive events in large nondomestic species by transrectal ultrasonic imaging
  publication-title: Zoo Biol
  doi: 10.1002/zoo.1430100308
  contributor:
    fullname: Adams
– start-page: 74
  year: 2000
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB2
  article-title: Status and Management of Black Rhino in South Africa
  publication-title: confidential report
  contributor:
    fullname: Adcock
– volume: 58
  start-page: 55
  year: 1991
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB13
  article-title: Reproductive parameters in free-ranging female black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe
  publication-title: Onderstepoort J Vet Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Kock
– start-page: 718
  year: 1984
  ident: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2_BIB23
  contributor:
    fullname: Zar
SSID ssj0003661
Score 1.849799
Snippet A tremendous potential exists for the application of transrectal ultrasonography as a tool to enhance the captive management of endangered species....
SourceID proquest
crossref
pubmed
elsevier
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1033
SubjectTerms [formula omitted][formula omitted]
Animals
black rhinoceros
Conservation of Natural Resources
Embryonic and Fetal Development - physiology
estrous cycle
Estrus - physiology
Eye - diagnostic imaging
Eye - embryology
Feces - chemistry
Female
Gestational Age
Hoof and Claw - diagnostic imaging
Hoof and Claw - embryology
Male
Ovarian Follicle - diagnostic imaging
Ovarian Follicle - physiology
Ovulation Detection - methods
Ovulation Detection - veterinary
Perissodactyla - physiology
Pregnancy
Progesterone - analysis
reproduction
Sex Determination Analysis - methods
Sex Determination Analysis - veterinary
Ultrasonography, Prenatal - veterinary
Title Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian events and fetal gestational parameters in two southern black rhinoceros ( [formula omitted][formula omitted][formula omitted]) and correlation to fecal progesterone
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00464-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322232
https://search.proquest.com/docview/70774281
Volume 55
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELaqcoEDguVVCmUOHNpD2tix8ziuKqoF1J5YtBJCluPYJVKbVNksvfEj-UXMOAkrDlUlrlY842TsmS-eF2Pv0eZnSSXxpBlrI-mlivJKFVEqqxwBQpn6cKd7fpEulvLTSq122OmUC0NhlaPuH3R60NbjyMn4NU9u6ppyfKkZHV_FPPjnSA9LFVMXg-Nf2zCPJE2HrnlFEtHT2yyegUIYPIz5USASibvs0134M9ihsyfs8QggYT6s8Snbcc2MPZpfdmMRDTdjs68U4xISbeF89J0_Y7-XV31nEF4PRaprC_ZvseYhFxNaD-1P_Hk2DYTCTmswTQXeIUAH8kONF4dA9cKvicca6gb62xbWbYiUb6CkC0HoftQNGkZ8QziEb4SLN1cG2uu6R4D7_f6Bo8DYUueQIVYP-hbXYYl3116G6g5t456z5dmHL6eLaOzoENkk5X2E2FAVIjdKGC6EzbwrES6UpS98VcjKCFvIwnBuFbn3rCcJZ14KnwtvECklL9hug-RfMcitysosx2lUES1JjKpcUfhEuszayvE9djzJUd8MhTv0NqINCWsSvI65DoLXYo_lk7T1PztQo3G5b-q7aXdoPJ3kcjGNazdrncUIr0WOq3k5bJrtWoKPKxGv_5_tPns4RcRx9Ybt9t3GvUWI1JcH4QwcsAfzj58XF38AgOgSYw
link.rule.ids 314,780,784,4502,24116,27924,27925,45585,45679
linkProvider Elsevier
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LT9wwELYQHNoeKrp9Udoyhx7gkLK24zyOK1S0FHZPbLVSVVmOY9NIkKBstv2f_CLGjsOqB4TUqyV7JjvjmW89L0K-oM9PeRnjTVNaR7GNRZSVIo-SuMwQIBSJ9W-6s3kyXcTfl2K5RU6GWhiXVhlsf2_TvbUOK8fh1zy-rSpX4-uG0dHlmPr4HNrhHUQDKar2zuTsfDp_MMg8SfrBeTmP3IZNIU9_iF88HNMjf07EHnNRj0FQ74pOd8nLgCFh0rP5imyZekReTK7a0EfDjMjoh0tz8bW2MAvh89fkbnHdtQoRdt-nutKgH_o19-WY0Fho_uD_Z1WD7-20AlWXYA1idHChqPB2CK5l-I2jsYKqhu5vA6vGJ8vXULg3QWh_VzX6RvxCOISfDhqvrxU0N1WHGPfX0wtHnrB2w0P6dD3oGuRDO9ptc-UbPDS1eUMWp98uT6ZRGOoQaZ7QLkJ4KHKWKcEUZUyn1hSIGIrC5rbM41Ixnce5olQLF-HT1gk5tTGzGbMKwRJ_S7ZrPP49gUyLtEgz3OaaonGuRGny3PLYpFqXhu6Rr4Mc5W3fu0NuktrwYOkEL8dUesFLtkeyQdryHyWU6F-e2nowaIfEC-qiLqo2zXol0zEibJYhN-96pdnw4sNcnH34f7IH5Nn0cnYhL87m5_vk-ZAgR8VHst21a_MJEVNXfA434h4GOhUk
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ultrasonographic+characterization+of+ovarian+events+and+fetal+gestational+parameters+in+two+southern+black+rhinoceros+%28+%5Bformula+omitted%5D%5Bformula+omitted%5D%5Bformula+omitted%5D%29+and+correlation+to+fecal+progesterone&rft.jtitle=Theriogenology&rft.au=Radcliffe%2C+R.W.&rft.au=Eyres%2C+A.I.&rft.au=Patton%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Czekala%2C+N.M.&rft.date=2001-03-15&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc&rft.issn=0093-691X&rft.eissn=1879-3231&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=1033&rft.epage=1049&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0093-691X%2801%2900464-2&rft.externalDocID=S0093691X01004642
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0093-691X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0093-691X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0093-691X&client=summon