Experimental, analytical, and computational investigation of mesh grid thermal physics in an electron gun with dispenser cathode
Gridded electron guns are key components of various electron beam based vacuum tubes. Mesh grids may be utilized for electron beam extraction and control. As part of the electron beam may be intercepted by the mesh grid, heating occurs, which could translate into performance degradation of the vacuu...
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| Published in | Review of scientific instruments Vol. 92; no. 6; pp. 064714 - 64724 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Melville
American Institute of Physics
01.06.2021
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0034-6748 1089-7623 1089-7623 |
| DOI | 10.1063/5.0043147 |
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| Abstract | Gridded electron guns are key components of various electron beam based vacuum tubes. Mesh grids may be utilized for electron beam extraction and control. As part of the electron beam may be intercepted by the mesh grid, heating occurs, which could translate into performance degradation of the vacuum tube or even failure. This paper introduces an analytical model based on first physics principles for mesh grid heating in an electron gun, toward generating the upper bound for the intercepted electron beam power. 3D simulations and exploratory experiments for mesh grid heating in an electron gun directionally confirm the predictions of the analytical model. This analytical approach may be leveraged further when the upper bounds of mesh grid heating in electron guns are needed, as well as for adjusting mesh grid topology to increase its robustness against electron beam heating. |
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| AbstractList | Gridded electron guns are key components of various electron beam based vacuum tubes. Mesh grids may be utilized for electron beam extraction and control. As part of the electron beam may be intercepted by the mesh grid, heating occurs, which could translate into performance degradation of the vacuum tube or even failure. This paper introduces an analytical model based on first physics principles for mesh grid heating in an electron gun, toward generating the upper bound for the intercepted electron beam power. 3D simulations and exploratory experiments for mesh grid heating in an electron gun directionally confirm the predictions of the analytical model. This analytical approach may be leveraged further when the upper bounds of mesh grid heating in electron guns are needed, as well as for adjusting mesh grid topology to increase its robustness against electron beam heating. Gridded electron guns are key components of various electron beam based vacuum tubes. Mesh grids may be utilized for electron beam extraction and control. As part of the electron beam may be intercepted by the mesh grid, heating occurs, which could translate into performance degradation of the vacuum tube or even failure. This paper introduces an analytical model based on first physics principles for mesh grid heating in an electron gun, toward generating the upper bound for the intercepted electron beam power. 3D simulations and exploratory experiments for mesh grid heating in an electron gun directionally confirm the predictions of the analytical model. This analytical approach may be leveraged further when the upper bounds of mesh grid heating in electron guns are needed, as well as for adjusting mesh grid topology to increase its robustness against electron beam heating.Gridded electron guns are key components of various electron beam based vacuum tubes. Mesh grids may be utilized for electron beam extraction and control. As part of the electron beam may be intercepted by the mesh grid, heating occurs, which could translate into performance degradation of the vacuum tube or even failure. This paper introduces an analytical model based on first physics principles for mesh grid heating in an electron gun, toward generating the upper bound for the intercepted electron beam power. 3D simulations and exploratory experiments for mesh grid heating in an electron gun directionally confirm the predictions of the analytical model. This analytical approach may be leveraged further when the upper bounds of mesh grid heating in electron guns are needed, as well as for adjusting mesh grid topology to increase its robustness against electron beam heating. |
| Author | Frutschy, Kristopher Neculaes, Bogdan Caiafa, Antonio Cross, Andrew |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bogdan surname: Neculaes fullname: Neculaes, Bogdan organization: GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Kristopher surname: Frutschy fullname: Frutschy, Kristopher organization: GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Andrew surname: Cross fullname: Cross, Andrew organization: GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Antonio surname: Caiafa fullname: Caiafa, Antonio organization: GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1118/1.4954846 10.1186/s40580-014-0034-2 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1433 10.1063/1.1148382 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5d60 10.1109/tns.1985.4333997 10.1118/1.4954847 10.1063/1.3680555 10.1109/proc.1973.9035 10.1063/1.1725929 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 2 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: c11 article-title: X-ray generation using carbon nanotubes publication-title: Nano Convergence – volume: 32 start-page: 2611 year: 1985 ident: c3 article-title: The design of gridded Pierce guns for accelerators publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. – volume: 68 start-page: 3945 year: 1997 ident: c2 article-title: Review of high-power microwave source research publication-title: Rev. Sci. Instrum. – volume: 423–426 start-page: 1433 year: 2013 ident: c14 article-title: Thermodynamics coupling analysis of grid-controlled electron gun publication-title: Appl. Mech. Mater. – volume: 61 start-page: 357 year: 1973 ident: c5 article-title: High power gridded tubes—1972 publication-title: Proc. IEEE – volume: 83 start-page: 024701 year: 2012 ident: c13 article-title: Thermal-structural analysis of electron gun with control grid publication-title: Rev. Sci. Instrum. – volume: 43 start-page: 4617 year: 2016 ident: c10 article-title: Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part II. X-ray source design and prototype publication-title: Med. Phys. – volume: 41 start-page: 589 year: 1964 ident: c17 article-title: Vapor pressure of molybdenum publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. – volume: 62 start-page: N320 year: 2017 ident: c22 article-title: Development of multi-pixel x-ray source using oxide-coated cathodes publication-title: Phys. Med. Biol. – volume: 43 start-page: 4607 year: 2016 ident: c21 article-title: Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part I. System concept and development publication-title: Med. Phys. – ident: 2023080502421187000_c8 – ident: 2023080502421187000_c7 article-title: Development of the electron gun for the JNC high power linac – ident: 2023080502421187000_c9 – volume: 43 start-page: 4607 year: 2016 ident: 2023080502421187000_c21 article-title: Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part I. System concept and development publication-title: Med. Phys. doi: 10.1118/1.4954846 – ident: 2023080502421187000_c15 – volume: 2 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: 2023080502421187000_c11 article-title: X-ray generation using carbon nanotubes publication-title: Nano Convergence doi: 10.1186/s40580-014-0034-2 – start-page: 6 year: 2004 ident: 2023080502421187000_c12 article-title: Thermal analysis of electron gun with grid control in pulsed TWT – ident: 2023080502421187000_c6 article-title: Design of a gridded electron gun for traveling-wave tubes: An EGUN case study – volume: 423–426 start-page: 1433 issue: 37 year: 2013 ident: 2023080502421187000_c14 article-title: Thermodynamics coupling analysis of grid-controlled electron gun publication-title: Appl. Mech. Mater. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1433 – volume: 68 start-page: 3945 year: 1997 ident: 2023080502421187000_c2 article-title: Review of high-power microwave source research publication-title: Rev. Sci. Instrum. doi: 10.1063/1.1148382 – volume: 62 start-page: N320 year: 2017 ident: 2023080502421187000_c22 article-title: Development of multi-pixel x-ray source using oxide-coated cathodes publication-title: Phys. Med. Biol. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5d60 – ident: 2023080502421187000_c18 – volume: 32 start-page: 2611 issue: 5 year: 1985 ident: 2023080502421187000_c3 article-title: The design of gridded Pierce guns for accelerators publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. doi: 10.1109/tns.1985.4333997 – volume-title: Narrow Angle Electron Guns Cathode Ray Tubes year: 1968 ident: 2023080502421187000_c4 – ident: 2023080502421187000_c19 – volume: 43 start-page: 4617 year: 2016 ident: 2023080502421187000_c10 article-title: Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part II. X-ray source design and prototype publication-title: Med. Phys. doi: 10.1118/1.4954847 – volume-title: Conduction of Heat in Solids year: 1959 ident: 2023080502421187000_c16 – ident: 2023080502421187000_c20 article-title: Recent advances in beam optics analyzer – volume-title: Microwave Tubes year: 1986 ident: 2023080502421187000_c1 – volume: 83 start-page: 024701 year: 2012 ident: 2023080502421187000_c13 article-title: Thermal-structural analysis of electron gun with control grid publication-title: Rev. Sci. Instrum. doi: 10.1063/1.3680555 – volume: 61 start-page: 357 year: 1973 ident: 2023080502421187000_c5 article-title: High power gridded tubes—1972 publication-title: Proc. IEEE doi: 10.1109/proc.1973.9035 – volume: 41 start-page: 589 year: 1964 ident: 2023080502421187000_c17 article-title: Vapor pressure of molybdenum publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. doi: 10.1063/1.1725929 |
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| SubjectTerms | Electron beam heating Electron guns Finite element method Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Performance degradation Scientific apparatus & instruments Topology Upper bounds Vacuum tubes |
| Title | Experimental, analytical, and computational investigation of mesh grid thermal physics in an electron gun with dispenser cathode |
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