Tendon biomechanical properties are altered by storage duration but not freeze‐thaw temperatures or cycles

Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration, this study aimed to evaluate effects on failure properties when varying freeze‐thaw conditions. Kangaroo tendons, a potential xenograft source,...

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Published inJournal of orthopaedic research Vol. 42; no. 6; pp. 1180 - 1189
Main Authors Blaker, Carina L., Ashton, Dylan M., Hartnell, Nicholas, Little, Christopher B., Clarke, Elizabeth C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States 01.06.2024
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Abstract Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration, this study aimed to evaluate effects on failure properties when varying freeze‐thaw conditions. Kangaroo tendons, a potential xenograft source, were used to evaluate changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), failure strain and elastic modulus after exposure to different freezer‐storage temperatures (−20°C vs. −80°C), storage durations (1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months), number of freeze‐thaw cycles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10), or freeze‐thaw temperature ranges (including freezing in liquid nitrogen to thawing at 37°C). Tendons stored for 6 or more months had significantly increased UTS and elastic modulus compared with 1 or 3 months of storage. This increase occurred irrespective of the freezing temperature (−20°C vs. −80°C) or the number of freeze‐thaw cycles (1 vs. 10). In contrast, UTS, failure strain and the elastic modulus were no different between storage temperatures, number of freeze‐thaw cycles and multiple freeze‐thaw cycles across a range of freeze and thaw temperatures. Common freeze‐thaw protocols did not negatively affect failure properties, providing flexibility for graft testing, storage, transportation and decellularisation procedures. However, the change in properties with the overall storage duration has implications for assessing the consistent performance of grafts stored for short versus extended periods of time (<6 months vs. >6 months), and the interpretation of data obtained from tissues of varying or unknown storage durations.
AbstractList Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration, this study aimed to evaluate effects on failure properties when varying freeze‐thaw conditions. Kangaroo tendons, a potential xenograft source, were used to evaluate changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), failure strain and elastic modulus after exposure to different freezer‐storage temperatures (−20°C vs. −80°C), storage durations (1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months), number of freeze‐thaw cycles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10), or freeze‐thaw temperature ranges (including freezing in liquid nitrogen to thawing at 37°C). Tendons stored for 6 or more months had significantly increased UTS and elastic modulus compared with 1 or 3 months of storage. This increase occurred irrespective of the freezing temperature (−20°C vs. −80°C) or the number of freeze‐thaw cycles (1 vs. 10). In contrast, UTS, failure strain and the elastic modulus were no different between storage temperatures, number of freeze‐thaw cycles and multiple freeze‐thaw cycles across a range of freeze and thaw temperatures. Common freeze‐thaw protocols did not negatively affect failure properties, providing flexibility for graft testing, storage, transportation and decellularisation procedures. However, the change in properties with the overall storage duration has implications for assessing the consistent performance of grafts stored for short versus extended periods of time (<6 months vs. >6 months), and the interpretation of data obtained from tissues of varying or unknown storage durations.
Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration, this study aimed to evaluate effects on failure properties when varying freeze-thaw conditions. Kangaroo tendons, a potential xenograft source, were used to evaluate changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), failure strain and elastic modulus after exposure to different freezer-storage temperatures (-20°C vs. -80°C), storage durations (1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months), number of freeze-thaw cycles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10), or freeze-thaw temperature ranges (including freezing in liquid nitrogen to thawing at 37°C). Tendons stored for 6 or more months had significantly increased UTS and elastic modulus compared with 1 or 3 months of storage. This increase occurred irrespective of the freezing temperature (-20°C vs. -80°C) or the number of freeze-thaw cycles (1 vs. 10). In contrast, UTS, failure strain and the elastic modulus were no different between storage temperatures, number of freeze-thaw cycles and multiple freeze-thaw cycles across a range of freeze and thaw temperatures. Common freeze-thaw protocols did not negatively affect failure properties, providing flexibility for graft testing, storage, transportation and decellularisation procedures. However, the change in properties with the overall storage duration has implications for assessing the consistent performance of grafts stored for short versus extended periods of time (<6 months vs. >6 months), and the interpretation of data obtained from tissues of varying or unknown storage durations.
Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration, this study aimed to evaluate effects on failure properties when varying freeze-thaw conditions. Kangaroo tendons, a potential xenograft source, were used to evaluate changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), failure strain and elastic modulus after exposure to different freezer-storage temperatures (-20°C vs. -80°C), storage durations (1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months), number of freeze-thaw cycles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10), or freeze-thaw temperature ranges (including freezing in liquid nitrogen to thawing at 37°C). Tendons stored for 6 or more months had significantly increased UTS and elastic modulus compared with 1 or 3 months of storage. This increase occurred irrespective of the freezing temperature (-20°C vs. -80°C) or the number of freeze-thaw cycles (1 vs. 10). In contrast, UTS, failure strain and the elastic modulus were no different between storage temperatures, number of freeze-thaw cycles and multiple freeze-thaw cycles across a range of freeze and thaw temperatures. Common freeze-thaw protocols did not negatively affect failure properties, providing flexibility for graft testing, storage, transportation and decellularisation procedures. However, the change in properties with the overall storage duration has implications for assessing the consistent performance of grafts stored for short versus extended periods of time (<6 months vs. >6 months), and the interpretation of data obtained from tissues of varying or unknown storage durations.
Author Hartnell, Nicholas
Clarke, Elizabeth C.
Blaker, Carina L.
Ashton, Dylan M.
Little, Christopher B.
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Keywords tissue engineering
musculoskeletal
fresh‐frozen
graft
mechanical testing
Language English
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2024 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
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Snippet Tendon allograft and xenograft processing often involves one or more steps of freezing and thawing. As failure strength is an important graft consideration,...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cryopreservation
Elastic Modulus
Freezing
fresh‐frozen
graft
Macropodidae - physiology
mechanical testing
musculoskeletal
Tendons - physiology
Tensile Strength
tissue engineering
Title Tendon biomechanical properties are altered by storage duration but not freeze‐thaw temperatures or cycles
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjor.25783
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38245841
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2929060168
Volume 42
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