Proteomic profiling of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF): Exploring the complementarity of different peptide fractionation strategies

• Published in: Journal of proteomics Vol. 117; pp. 86 - 94
• Main Authors: Brunoro, Giselle Villa Flor, Carvalho, Paulo Costa, Ferreira, André Teixeira da Silva, Perales, Jonas, Valente, Richard Hemmi, de Moura Gallo, Claudia Vitória, Pagnoncelli, Dante, Neves-Ferreira, Ana Gisele da Costa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 18.03.2015
• Subjects: Adult; Breast fluid; Female; Fibroadenoma - metabolism; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; NAF; Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism; Nipple Aspirate Fluid - metabolism; Peptides - metabolism; Pre-fractionation; Proteomics; Shotgun; Tumor Microenvironment; Pre-fractionation; Shotgun; NAF; Breast fluid
• ISSN: 1874-3919; 1876-7737
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.011

NAF is a breast fluid that is closely related to the tumor microenvironment and a valuable sample for studying breast cancer. To perform an in-depth proteomic analysis of this sample, aliquots of a single NAF digest were analyzed by the following peptide-centric fractionation strategies: a) 30-cm reversed-phase (RP) column on-line with an LTQ-Orbitrap XL; b) off-line strong cation-exchange (SCX) column; and c) pI-based OFFGEL fractionation. All fractions from approaches (b) and (c) were further analyzed on a 10-cm RP column hyphenated to the same mass spectrometer. The RP-30cm, SCX/RP-10cm, and OFFGEL/RP-10cm approaches identified 1676, 2930, and 3240 peptides, which corresponded to 193, 390 and 528 proteins, respectively. In our cumulative dataset, 4466 distinct NAF peptides corresponded to a total of 557 proteins, of which only 34% were identified by all three approaches. No exclusive protein identification was associated to the RP-30cm approach, while SCX/RP-10cm and OFFGEL/RP-10cm contributed to 28 and 166 exclusive identifications, respectively. Each approach provided additional information related to energy metabolism (fermentation process/carbohydrate biosynthesis). In conclusion, the pre-fractionation platforms used were complementary for the comprehensive characterization of NAF and our work provides methodological information for future quantitative cancer-related NAF sample studies. High-resolution peptide separation is a sine qua non condition for achieving extensive proteome coverage. Various techniques have been employed to improve peptide fractionation prior to LC-MS/MS, thus allowing a comprehensive characterization of complex biological samples. Although fractionation efficiency is very sample-dependent, this issue is commonly overlooked, and a “cookbook” approach is routinely used during this critical step. The present study provides a systematic comparison of analytical information needed for the successful large-scale differential proteomic analysis of NAF samples from breast cancer patients, a precious and volume-limited biological sample. It reinforces the importance of optimizing sample-specific fractionation protocols for information retrieval from mass spectrometric analysis. [Display omitted] •Different proteomic strategies for improved NAF sample analysis are evaluated.•The importance of optimizing sample-specific fractionation protocols is reinforced.•An optimized proteomic protocol for studying cancer-related NAF samples is proposed.