Emulation and Malicious Attacks to Doppler and FMCW Radars for Human Sensing Applications
This article presents emulation and adverse attack scenarios for Doppler radar-based motion sensors and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars employed for noninvasive vital signs measurement and human presence sensing. In contrast to existing radar threat models, the proposed model is tu...
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| Published in | IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques Vol. 71; no. 2; pp. 1 - 13 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
IEEE
01.02.2023
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | This article presents emulation and adverse attack scenarios for Doppler radar-based motion sensors and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars employed for noninvasive vital signs measurement and human presence sensing. In contrast to existing radar threat models, the proposed model is tuned to mimic two characteristics of a human target measured by radars, i.e., the motion artifacts generated by a walking human and the inherent chest motion. Electronically synthesizing the abovementioned characteristics can interfere with the normal operation of radar systems used for automation, bioauthentication, and surveillance applications. The attacking/emulation systems were realized using commercially available radio frequency (RF) components. The 5.8-GHz benchtop prototypes of the Doppler-and FMCW-mode systems were designed, and experiments were conducted to validate the threat of these systems. First, a single-sideband (SSB) mixer is utilized to electronically modulate the continuous-wave (CW) signal transmitted by a Doppler radar to resemble a walking human subject. Next, fake human targets are injected into an FMCW radar by using an analog phase shifter that mimics the vital sign motion of a real human subject. In addition to impersonating the human vital sign motion, the FMCW mode spoofing system has the capability to alter the range of the human target without requiring any synchronization with the victim radar. The FMCW mode spoofing system successfully deceived two state-of-the-art human detection algorithms. Finally, a brief discussion is presented on the feasibility of using the proposed Doppler and FMCW mode spoofing device architecture as respective radar target emulators. |
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| AbstractList | This article presents emulation and adverse attack scenarios for Doppler radar-based motion sensors and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars employed for noninvasive vital signs measurement and human presence sensing. In contrast to existing radar threat models, the proposed model is tuned to mimic two characteristics of a human target measured by radars, i.e., the motion artifacts generated by a walking human and the inherent chest motion. Electronically synthesizing the abovementioned characteristics can interfere with the normal operation of radar systems used for automation, bioauthentication, and surveillance applications. The attacking/emulation systems were realized using commercially available radio frequency (RF) components. The 5.8-GHz benchtop prototypes of the Doppler- and FMCW-mode systems were designed, and experiments were conducted to validate the threat of these systems. First, a single-sideband (SSB) mixer is utilized to electronically modulate the continuous-wave (CW) signal transmitted by a Doppler radar to resemble a walking human subject. Next, fake human targets are injected into an FMCW radar by using an analog phase shifter that mimics the vital sign motion of a real human subject. In addition to impersonating the human vital sign motion, the FMCW mode spoofing system has the capability to alter the range of the human target without requiring any synchronization with the victim radar. The FMCW mode spoofing system successfully deceived two state-of-the-art human detection algorithms. Finally, a brief discussion is presented on the feasibility of using the proposed Doppler and FMCW mode spoofing device architecture as respective radar target emulators. |
| Author | Rodriguez, Daniel Li, Changzhi Nallabolu, Prateek |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Prateek orcidid: 0000-0002-5719-3515 surname: Nallabolu fullname: Nallabolu, Prateek organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel orcidid: 0000-0001-7215-0831 surname: Rodriguez fullname: Rodriguez, Daniel organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Changzhi orcidid: 0000-0003- 2188-4506 surname: Li fullname: Li, Changzhi organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA |
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| Snippet | This article presents emulation and adverse attack scenarios for Doppler radar-based motion sensors and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Computer architecture Continuous radiation Doppler effect Doppler radar frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar Human motion human presence sensing Human subjects Mixers Motion measurement Motion sensors Phase shifters Radar Radar equipment Radar measurements radar security Radar targets Radio frequency Sensors Single sideband transmission Spoofing Synchronism vital sign detection Walking |
| Title | Emulation and Malicious Attacks to Doppler and FMCW Radars for Human Sensing Applications |
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