Watch Your Tone: Social Conditions Modulate Singing Strategies
Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females. Nevertheless, many songbirds sing from close distances to a known receiver; males of these species may be under more intense selective pressure to mod...
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| Published in | Ethology Vol. 121; no. 11; pp. 1104 - 1115 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hamburg
P. Parey
01.11.2015
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females. Nevertheless, many songbirds sing from close distances to a known receiver; males of these species may be under more intense selective pressure to modify their songs depending on the sex of the receiver in order to convey different motivational states (aggression versus courtship) to the different sexes. In a laboratory setting, we examined how receiver sex affected within‐song variation of the close‐range singing behavior in the brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Although we know that cowbird song is influenced by flock composition, it is still unclear as to how the cowbird modifies his song based on social context. Using a cross‐correlation analysis of each male's different song types, we found that pairs of songs were significantly more dissimilar if they were directed to females compared with songs directed to males. We subsequently tested whether there were any consistent spectral or temporal patterns in the songs males gave to females versus to males. Our results lend support for the Motivational Structural Rules Hypothesis as songs directed toward males had higher entropy (i.e., harshness) than the same song type directed toward females. Our results suggest that cowbirds may have evolved the ability to alter multiple dimensions of their singing behavior based on receiver sex. |
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| AbstractList | Abstract
Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females. Nevertheless, many songbirds sing from close distances to a known receiver; males of these species may be under more intense selective pressure to modify their songs depending on the sex of the receiver in order to convey different motivational states (aggression versus courtship) to the different sexes. In a laboratory setting, we examined how receiver sex affected within‐song variation of the close‐range singing behavior in the brown‐headed cowbird (
Molothrus ater
). Although we know that cowbird song is influenced by flock composition, it is still unclear as to how the cowbird modifies his song based on social context. Using a cross‐correlation analysis of each male's different song types, we found that pairs of songs were significantly more dissimilar if they were directed to females compared with songs directed to males. We subsequently tested whether there were any consistent spectral or temporal patterns in the songs males gave to females versus to males. Our results lend support for the Motivational Structural Rules Hypothesis as songs directed toward males had higher entropy (i.e., harshness) than the same song type directed toward females. Our results suggest that cowbirds may have evolved the ability to alter multiple dimensions of their singing behavior based on receiver sex. Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long-distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females. Nevertheless, many songbirds sing from close distances to a known receiver; males of these species may be under more intense selective pressure to modify their songs depending on the sex of the receiver in order to convey different motivational states (aggression versus courtship) to the different sexes. In a laboratory setting, we examined how receiver sex affected within-song variation of the close-range singing behavior in the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Although we know that cowbird song is influenced by flock composition, it is still unclear as to how the cowbird modifies his song based on social context. Using a cross-correlation analysis of each male's different song types, we found that pairs of songs were significantly more dissimilar if they were directed to females compared with songs directed to males. We subsequently tested whether there were any consistent spectral or temporal patterns in the songs males gave to females versus to males. Our results lend support for the Motivational Structural Rules Hypothesis as songs directed toward males had higher entropy (i.e., harshness) than the same song type directed toward females. Our results suggest that cowbirds may have evolved the ability to alter multiple dimensions of their singing behavior based on receiver sex. |
| Author | Li, Qingling Skillman, Tasha Lucas, Jeffrey R Lin, Andy Fernandez‐Juricic, Esteban Koenig, W Ronald, Kelly L |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Ronald, Kelly L – sequence: 2 fullname: Skillman, Tasha – sequence: 3 fullname: Lin, Andy – sequence: 4 fullname: Li, Qingling – sequence: 5 fullname: Fernandez‐Juricic, Esteban – sequence: 6 fullname: Lucas, Jeffrey R – sequence: 7 fullname: Koenig, W |
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| Notes | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12425 ark:/67375/WNG-JSFJ3RDL-4 ArticleID:ETH12425 istex:F0CF5AAE5500C3CB75AE9046A96D0C616342BD5A Table S1: Data Description. Fig S1-S3: Interaction between Song Type (Singer) and sex on entropy across the different song components: Glug 1, Glug 2, and P2 for 5 of the 7 birds examined. Entropy is consistently lower in songs sung to females (dark gray circles) than those songs sung to males (light gray circles). Least Squares Means were derived from a repeated measures analysis of variance analysis (see text). Note that these LS Means are estimated within songs sung by each male.Table S2: Statistics associated with the main effect of song type on spectral and temporal song properties. National Science Foundation (NSF) - No. IOS 1121728 |
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| Snippet | Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females.... Abstract Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females.... Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long-distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females.... |
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| SubjectTerms | aggression Animal behavior Animal communication bird song Birds courtship females flocks Males Molothrus ater Motivational Structural Rules songbirds within-song variation |
| Title | Watch Your Tone: Social Conditions Modulate Singing Strategies |
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