Sybil in the Haystack: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms in Search of Strong Sybil Attack Resistance

Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to improve their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed ledger technology following the proposal of ‘Bitcoin’ led to a sharp increase in research activity in this area. Specifically, public and permiss...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inAlgorithms Vol. 16; no. 1; p. 34
Main Authors Platt, Moritz, McBurney, Peter
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.01.2023
Subjects
Access control
Algorithms
Blockchain
Computers
consensus protocol
Cryptography
Cybersecurity
Decentralization
Digital currencies
Distributed ledger
distributed ledger technology
Failure
Fault tolerance
leader selection
Literature reviews
member selection
Sybil attack
System theory
Trust
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1999-4893
1999-4893
DOI10.3390/a16010034

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Abstract Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to improve their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed ledger technology following the proposal of ‘Bitcoin’ led to a sharp increase in research activity in this area. Specifically, public and permissionless networks require robust leader selection strategies resistant to Sybil attacks in which malicious attackers present bogus identities to induce byzantine faults. Our goal is to analyse the entire breadth of works in this area systematically, thereby uncovering trends and research directions regarding Sybil attack resistance in today’s blockchain systems to benefit the designs of the future. Through a systematic literature review, we condense an immense set of research records (N = 21,799) to a relevant subset (N = 483). We categorise these mechanisms by their Sybil attack resistance characteristics, leader selection methodology, and incentive scheme. Mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance commonly adopt the principles underlying ‘Proof-of-Work’ or ‘Proof-of-Stake’ while mechanisms with limited resistance often use reputation systems or physical world linking. We find that only a few fundamental paradigms exist that can resist Sybil attacks in a permissionless setting but discover numerous innovative mechanisms that can deliver weaker protection in system scenarios with smaller attack surfaces.
AbstractList Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to improve their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed ledger technology following the proposal of ‘Bitcoin’ led to a sharp increase in research activity in this area. Specifically, public and permissionless networks require robust leader selection strategies resistant to Sybil attacks in which malicious attackers present bogus identities to induce byzantine faults. Our goal is to analyse the entire breadth of works in this area systematically, thereby uncovering trends and research directions regarding Sybil attack resistance in today’s blockchain systems to benefit the designs of the future. Through a systematic literature review, we condense an immense set of research records (N = 21,799) to a relevant subset (N = 483). We categorise these mechanisms by their Sybil attack resistance characteristics, leader selection methodology, and incentive scheme. Mechanisms with strong Sybil attack resistance commonly adopt the principles underlying ‘Proof-of-Work’ or ‘Proof-of-Stake’ while mechanisms with limited resistance often use reputation systems or physical world linking. We find that only a few fundamental paradigms exist that can resist Sybil attacks in a permissionless setting but discover numerous innovative mechanisms that can deliver weaker protection in system scenarios with smaller attack surfaces.
Author Platt, Moritz
McBurney, Peter
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  orcidid: 0000-0003-2137-4370
  surname: Platt
  fullname: Platt, Moritz
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  givenname: Peter
  surname: McBurney
  fullname: McBurney, Peter
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Snippet Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to improve their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed...
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StartPage 34
SubjectTerms Access control
Algorithms
Blockchain
Computers
consensus protocol
Cryptography
Cybersecurity
Decentralization
Digital currencies
Distributed ledger
distributed ledger technology
Failure
Fault tolerance
leader selection
Literature reviews
member selection
Sybil attack
System theory
Trust
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Title Sybil in the Haystack: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms in Search of Strong Sybil Attack Resistance
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