Using eye-tracking in education: review of empirical research and technology
This study aims to provide a systematic review of recent eye-tracking studies conducted with children and adolescents in learning settings, as well as a scoping review of the technologies and machine learning approaches used for eye-tracking. To this end, 68 empirical studies containing 78 experimen...
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| Published in | Educational technology research and development Vol. 72; no. 3; pp. 1383 - 1418 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
Springer US
01.06.2024
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | This study aims to provide a systematic review of recent eye-tracking studies conducted with children and adolescents in learning settings, as well as a scoping review of the technologies and machine learning approaches used for eye-tracking. To this end, 68 empirical studies containing 78 experiments were analyzed. Eye-tracking devices as well as the ever-evolving mechanisms of gaze prediction endorsed in the prior and current research were identified. The review results indicated a set of salient patterns governing the employment of eye-tracking measures and the inferred cognitive constructs in learning, along with the common practices in analyzing and presenting the eye-tracking data. Eye-tracking has been used to track engagement, learning interactions, and learning-relevant cognitive activities mainly in a research lab or a highly-controlled learning setting. The mechanisms of gaze capturing and prediction with learners in a dynamic and authentic learning environment are evolving. |
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| AbstractList | This study aims to provide a systematic review of recent eye-tracking studies conducted with children and adolescents in learning settings, as well as a scoping review of the technologies and machine learning approaches used for eye-tracking. To this end, 68 empirical studies containing 78 experiments were analyzed. Eye-tracking devices as well as the ever-evolving mechanisms of gaze prediction endorsed in the prior and current research were identified. The review results indicated a set of salient patterns governing the employment of eye-tracking measures and the inferred cognitive constructs in learning, along with the common practices in analyzing and presenting the eye-tracking data. Eye-tracking has been used to track engagement, learning interactions, and learning-relevant cognitive activities mainly in a research lab or a highly-controlled learning setting. The mechanisms of gaze capturing and prediction with learners in a dynamic and authentic learning environment are evolving. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Dahlstrom-Hakki, Ibrahim Israel, Maya Ke, Fengfeng Liu, Ruohan Sokolikj, Zlatko |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Fengfeng orcidid: 0000-0003-4203-1203 surname: Ke fullname: Ke, Fengfeng email: fke@fsu.edu organization: Florida State University – sequence: 2 givenname: Ruohan surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Ruohan organization: University of Virginia – sequence: 3 givenname: Zlatko surname: Sokolikj fullname: Sokolikj, Zlatko organization: Florida State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Ibrahim surname: Dahlstrom-Hakki fullname: Dahlstrom-Hakki, Ibrahim organization: TERC – sequence: 5 givenname: Maya surname: Israel fullname: Israel, Maya organization: University of Florida |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1142_S021951942540024X crossref_primary_10_1080_10447318_2024_2361207 crossref_primary_10_3390_app142311007 crossref_primary_10_3390_mti8100087 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tine_2024_100234 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14111256 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10639_024_12841_6 crossref_primary_10_1080_15391523_2024_2381226 crossref_primary_10_14712_23361980_2024_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_jtaer19040150 crossref_primary_10_1140_epjqt_s40507_025_00310_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpsycho_2025_112556 crossref_primary_10_1080_10447318_2024_2433841 crossref_primary_10_1177_1420326X241284031 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3515838 |
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| Title | Using eye-tracking in education: review of empirical research and technology |
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