Sleep deprivation and hormone therapy in postmenopausal women

• Published in: Sleep medicine Vol. 7; no. 5; pp. 436 - 447
• Main Authors: Kalleinen, Nea, Polo, Olli, Himanen, Sari-Leena, Joutsen, Atte, Urrila, Anna S., Polo-Kantola, Päivi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.08.2006
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aging; Aging - physiology; Estradiol - therapeutic use; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Female; Hormone therapy; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Norethindrone - therapeutic use; Polysomnography; Postmenopause - physiology; Sleep - drug effects; Sleep deprivation; Sleep Deprivation - physiopathology; Slow wave sleep; Surveys and Questionnaires; Woman; Aging; Hormone therapy; Woman; Slow wave sleep; Menopause; Sleep deprivation
• ISSN: 1389-9457; 1878-5506
• DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2006.02.004

Sleep complaints increase after menopause, but literature on the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) on sleep is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ageing and HT on sleep quality, assessed using polysomnography, and on the accuracy of the subjective estimation of sleep quality in women before and after sleep deprivation. Twenty postmenopausal women (aged 58–72 years) were recruited: 10 HT-users and 10 non-HT-users. Eleven young women (aged 20–26 years) served as controls. Polysomnography and subjective sleep quality were measured on four consecutive nights: adaptation, baseline, 40-h sleep deprivation and recovery. Although the postmenopausal women slept worse than the controls at baseline, and in particular during the recovery night, their recovery response to sleep deprivation was well preserved. At baseline, HT-users had a shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) (P=0.043), with fewer awakenings from slow wave sleep (SWS) (P=0.029) but more from REM (P=0.033) than non-HT-users. During recovery, the HT-users had more stage 2 sleep (P=0.048) and less slow wave activity (SWA) in the first non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episode (P=0.021) than the non-HT-users. The poor correlation between subjective and objective sleep quality at baseline became significant during recovery. Although sleep in postmenopausal women was worse than in young controls, the recovery response following sleep deprivation was relatively well preserved. HT offered no significant advantage to sleep at baseline and slightly weakened the recovery response to prolonged wakefulness.