Evolution of the hominoid scapula and its implications for earliest hominid locomotion

Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative “adaptive value” of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental ch...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inAmerican journal of physical anthropology Vol. 162; no. 4; pp. 682 - 700
Main Authors Selby, Michael S., Lovejoy, C. Owen
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.04.2017
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative “adaptive value” of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology. Materials and Methods We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample. Results Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter. Discussion Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids1 were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
AbstractList Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative “adaptive value” of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology. Materials and Methods We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample. Results Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter. Discussion Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids1 were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology. Materials and Methods We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample. Results Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter. Discussion Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids1 were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
OBJECTIVESThe higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample.RESULTSOur results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter.DISCUSSIONMost scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids1 were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology. We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample. Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter. Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
Author Selby, Michael S.
Lovejoy, C. Owen
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Michael S.
  surname: Selby
  fullname: Selby, Michael S.
  email: michaelsel@pcom.edu
  organization: Georgia Campus – Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
– sequence: 2
  givenname: C. Owen
  surname: Lovejoy
  fullname: Lovejoy, C. Owen
  organization: Kent State University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28128440$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp90E1LwzAcBvAgE_eiFz-ABLyI0Jm3tulxjPnGQA_qtaRpwjLSpjarsm9vaqcHD0IgCfnl4c8zBaPa1QqAc4zmGCFyI7aNmBOKY34EJhhlScQTxkZggsJrlDFOx2Dq_TZck7BOwJhwTDhjaALeVh_Odjvjaug03G0U3LjK1M6U0EvRdFZAUZfQ7Dw0VWONFL31ULsWKtFao_xu-BJ-WCdd5XpwCo61sF6dHfYZeL1dvSzvo_XT3cNysY4kjVMexbrgCBdaFFqXMqGEEJ1wmmmECkxjndFMlIlkNM54jCguBC4YoUwSVpQynGbgashtWvfehVnyyniprBW1cp3PMU9ImqQ0Q4Fe_qFb17V1mC6oNEspQTwO6npQsnXet0rnTWsq0e5zjPK-7bxvO_9uO-CLQ2RXVKr8pT_1BoAH8Gms2v8TlS8enxdD6BeXFoty
CODEN AJPNA9
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2021_102983
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2020_102784
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2022_103239
crossref_primary_10_1111_joa_13412
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11692_021_09532_2
crossref_primary_10_1093_zoolinnean_zlaa154
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23368
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23599
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23598
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23320
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2019_05_004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2022_103221
crossref_primary_10_1111_joa_13784
crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_adc9507
crossref_primary_10_1002_ar_23970
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_24568
Cites_doi 10.1186/1471-213X-10-91
10.1007/978-94-017-7429-1_7
10.1002/ajpa.1330260209
10.1101/gad.12.20.3156
10.1242/dev.01735
10.1002/ajpa.1330520304
10.1002/ar.21449
10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.003
10.1002/ajpa.1330900106
10.1242/dev.00686
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07506.x
10.1242/dev.127.17.3789
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05151.x
10.1126/science.1175827
10.1007/s00429-006-0126-9
10.1038/nature05047
10.1023/A:1026319424308
10.1186/1471-2148-13-229
10.1006/jhev.1994.1008
10.1155/2014/324850
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05153.x
10.1006/dbio.2001.0159
10.1016/0047-2484(87)90060-1
10.1002/ajpa.1330920306
10.1073/pnas.1511220112
10.1242/dev.120.10.2773
10.1073/pnas.1403659111
10.1073/pnas.95.15.8692
10.1002/jmor.1051560209
10.1006/jhev.1996.0122
10.1006/jhev.1996.0095
10.1002/ajpa.1330490109
10.1007/BF02435532
10.1002/ajp.1350260405
10.1126/science.1227123
10.1016/B978-0-12-384050-9.50006-4
10.1126/science.65.1690.481
10.1002/ajpa.22353
10.1007/978-94-017-7429-1_6
10.1098/rstl.1867.0013
10.2307/1376265
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01200.x
10.1002/dvdy.20464
10.1242/dev.00473
10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_16
10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.001
10.1002/ajpa.1330300302
10.1002/ajpa.1330170113
10.1111/ede.12011
10.1126/science.1175833
10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01210.x
10.1006/dbio.2002.0596
10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
10.1242/jeb.02236
10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.009
10.2106/00004623-199805000-00007
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1912.tb55164.x
10.1002/ajpa.1330850109
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03423.x
10.1159/000145093
10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80073-2
10.1002/ajpa.1330860408
10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.001
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02908.x
10.1159/000095683
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02004.x
10.1002/evan.21417
10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.010
10.1242/dev.02395
10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001321
10.1007/s10329-007-0064-z
10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.017
10.1007/978-1-4684-8854-8_11
10.1371/journal.pone.0039617
10.1007/s00429-004-0415-0
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:3<87::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-T
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01351.x
10.1126/science.1233477
10.1002/ajpa.1330450210
10.1136/bmj.1.3251.669
10.1016/0047-2484(91)90062-Z
10.1002/aja.1001760207
10.1073/pnas.96.23.13247
10.1038/nature03837
10.1002/ajpa.1330470206
10.1016/B978-0-12-384050-9.50011-8
10.1016/0047-2484(89)90102-4
10.1126/science.1103094
10.1007/s10764-013-9660-5
10.1006/jhev.1994.1031
10.1007/BF02382952
10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.007
10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.012
10.1242/dev.048819
10.1159/000145219
10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_10
10.1126/science.1184944
10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_5
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199805)212:1<141::AID-AJA13>3.0.CO;2-A
10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1
10.1002/jez.b.21003
10.1002/ajpa.1330970105
10.1006/jhev.1994.1025
10.1002/ajpa.1330600302
10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.01.001
10.1159/000156232
10.1016/0047-2484(87)90062-5
10.1002/ajpa.1330520302
10.1073/pnas.1004527107
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00870.x
10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_34
10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.05.001
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DBID CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
8BJ
FQK
JBE
7X8
DOI 10.1002/ajpa.23158
DatabaseName Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
CrossRef
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
CrossRef
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
MEDLINE - Academic
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Anthropology
EISSN 1096-8644
2692-7691
EndPage 700
ExternalDocumentID 4321067315
10_1002_ajpa_23158
28128440
AJPA23158
Genre article
Journal Article
GroupedDBID ---
--Z
-DZ
-~X
.3N
.55
.GA
.GJ
.Y3
05W
0R~
10A
186
1L6
1OB
1OC
1ZS
23M
2FS
31~
33P
3SF
3WU
4.4
4ZD
50Y
50Z
51W
51X
52M
52N
52O
52P
52S
52T
52U
52W
52X
53G
5GY
5RE
5VS
66C
6J9
702
7PT
8-0
8-1
8-3
8-4
8-5
8UM
930
A03
AAESR
AAEVG
AAHHS
AANLZ
AAONW
AASGY
AAXRX
AAZKR
ABCQN
ABCUV
ABEML
ABGFU
ABIJN
ABPPZ
ABPVW
ABTAH
ACAHQ
ACBWZ
ACCFJ
ACCZN
ACFBH
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACGOD
ACHQT
ACPOU
ACSCC
ACXBN
ACXQS
ADBBV
ADEOM
ADIZJ
ADKYN
ADMGS
ADOZA
ADXAS
ADZMN
ADZOD
AEEZP
AEGXH
AEIGN
AEIMD
AENEX
AEQDE
AETEA
AEUQT
AEUYR
AFBPY
AFFPM
AFGKR
AFPWT
AFZJQ
AHBTC
AI.
AIAGR
AITYG
AIURR
AIWBW
AJBDE
AJXKR
ALAGY
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALUQN
AMBMR
AMYDB
ASPBG
ATUGU
AUFTA
AVWKF
AZBYB
AZFZN
AZVAB
B-7
BAFTC
BDRZF
BHBCM
BMNLL
BMXJE
BNHUX
BROTX
BRXPI
BY8
CS3
D-E
D-F
DCZOG
DPXWK
DR2
DRFUL
DRSTM
DVXWH
EBS
EJD
F00
F01
F04
F5P
FEDTE
G-S
G.N
GNP
GODZA
H.T
H.X
HBH
HF~
HGLYW
HHY
HHZ
HVGLF
HZ~
IX1
J0M
JPC
KQQ
LATKE
LAW
LC2
LC3
LEEKS
LH4
LITHE
LOXES
LP6
LP7
LPU
LUTES
LW6
LYRES
M66
MEWTI
MK4
MRFUL
MRSTM
MSFUL
MSSTM
MVM
MXFUL
MXSTM
N04
N05
N9A
NF~
NNB
O66
O9-
OHT
OIG
P2P
P2W
P2X
P4D
PALCI
PQQKQ
Q.N
Q11
QB0
QRW
R.K
RIWAO
RJQFR
ROL
RWI
RWV
RX1
RYL
S10
SAMSI
SUPJJ
TAE
TN5
TWZ
UB1
ULY
UPT
UQL
V2E
V8K
VH1
VQA
W8V
W99
WBKPD
WH7
WHG
WIB
WIH
WIK
WJL
WNSPC
WOHZO
WQJ
WRC
WTM
WXSBR
WYISQ
X6Y
X7M
XG1
XOL
XV2
ZGI
ZHY
ZY4
ZZTAW
~02
~IA
~WT
AAMNL
ACRPL
ACYXJ
ADMHG
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
8BJ
FQK
JBE
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c3578-5fb801bfabffdc63222f6839f00b135f939ad6c435985031ba1b4234c24bdc423
IEDL.DBID DR2
ISSN 0002-9483
IngestDate Wed Dec 04 16:08:12 EST 2024
Thu Oct 10 21:48:39 EDT 2024
Fri Dec 06 04:32:53 EST 2024
Tue Dec 17 10:16:26 EST 2024
Sat Aug 24 00:53:09 EDT 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Keywords vertebral border
serratus anterior
scapular spine
glenoid orientation
Language English
License 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c3578-5fb801bfabffdc63222f6839f00b135f939ad6c435985031ba1b4234c24bdc423
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
PMID 28128440
PQID 1879732085
PQPubID 32008
PageCount 19
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_1862767390
proquest_journals_1879732085
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23158
pubmed_primary_28128440
wiley_primary_10_1002_ajpa_23158_AJPA23158
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate April 2017
2017-04-00
20170401
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2017-04-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 04
  year: 2017
  text: April 2017
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
– name: New York
PublicationTitle American journal of physical anthropology
PublicationTitleAlternate Am J Phys Anthropol
PublicationYear 2017
Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
References 2010; 10
1965; 147
2010; 107
1986; 176
2013; 65
1969; 30
1932; 17
1975; 19
1965; 142
1976
1974
1867; 157
1977; 20
1972
1998; 80
2015; 80
1967; 26
2004; 208
2007; 78
2014; 23
2006; 209
2000; 127
1995; 24
1991; 85
1991; 86
1964; 145
1984
1983
2013; 110
1998; 95
1998; 12
2003; 43
2006; 443
1959; 40
2010; 31
1976; 45
2010; 328
2005; 233
1986; 15
1997
2016; 94
2014; 2014
1978; 156
1993
2013; 340
1962; 96
2004; 306
1927; 65
2004; 275
1976; 58
1963; 142
1997; 32
1980; 52
2010; 216
2004; 273
1977; 18
2015; 112
2008; 49
2002; 244
1978; 49
1992; 26
1998; 6
1990; 9
1956; 1
2006; 221
1979; 104
1979; 188
2005; 132
1994; 26
2006; 133
1980; 106
2013; 15
1961; 5
2000
2013; 13
1986; 46
1923; 1
1997; 18
2013; 152
1983; 60
1999; 96
1996; 8
2012; 338
2007; 25
2009; 326
1995; 97
2011; 218
2004; 302B
1977; 47
1979; 205
2005; 436
2009
1930; 2
2007
1961; 95
1993; 90
2007; 52
2002
1912; 22
2011; 294
1998; 212
1931; 33
1959
1990; 81
1991; 6
1987; 16
2003; 130
2001; 232
1944; 26
1950; 15
1963; 10
1991; 21
2013; 34
1993; 92
2010; 137
1994; 120
1980; 4
2016
2008; 212
2012; 7
1967
1989; 18
29722427 - Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018 Sep;167(1):197-199
29756202 - Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018 Sep;167(1):194-196
e_1_2_7_108_1
Xu B. (e_1_2_7_137_1) 2013; 110
e_1_2_7_3_1
Harrison T. (e_1_2_7_53_1) 2002
e_1_2_7_104_1
e_1_2_7_127_1
e_1_2_7_7_1
Benton R. S. (e_1_2_7_20_1) 1967
e_1_2_7_19_1
e_1_2_7_83_1
e_1_2_7_100_1
e_1_2_7_15_1
e_1_2_7_41_1
e_1_2_7_64_1
e_1_2_7_87_1
e_1_2_7_45_1
e_1_2_7_68_1
e_1_2_7_26_1
e_1_2_7_49_1
Ashton E. H. (e_1_2_7_11_1) 1964; 145
Erikson G. E. (e_1_2_7_38_1) 1963; 10
Karaharju E. O. (e_1_2_7_67_1) 1976; 58
e_1_2_7_90_1
e_1_2_7_94_1
e_1_2_7_71_1
Oxnard C. E. (e_1_2_7_98_1) 1963; 10
e_1_2_7_52_1
Schultz A. H. (e_1_2_7_115_1) 1961; 5
e_1_2_7_23_1
e_1_2_7_33_1
e_1_2_7_75_1
Lovejoy C. O. (e_1_2_7_81_1) 2000
e_1_2_7_56_1
e_1_2_7_37_1
e_1_2_7_79_1
Mensforth R. P. (e_1_2_7_86_1) 1990; 81
e_1_2_7_131_1
e_1_2_7_135_1
e_1_2_7_139_1
e_1_2_7_109_1
Ashton E. H. (e_1_2_7_12_1) 1965; 142
e_1_2_7_128_1
e_1_2_7_105_1
e_1_2_7_124_1
e_1_2_7_101_1
e_1_2_7_16_1
e_1_2_7_40_1
e_1_2_7_82_1
e_1_2_7_120_1
e_1_2_7_44_1
e_1_2_7_48_1
Napier J. R. (e_1_2_7_95_1) 1967
e_1_2_7_29_1
Schultz A. H. (e_1_2_7_111_1) 1930; 2
Ashton E. H. (e_1_2_7_9_1) 1962; 96
e_1_2_7_117_1
Timmons P. M. (e_1_2_7_122_1) 1994; 120
e_1_2_7_113_1
e_1_2_7_51_1
e_1_2_7_70_1
e_1_2_7_93_1
e_1_2_7_24_1
e_1_2_7_55_1
e_1_2_7_74_1
e_1_2_7_97_1
e_1_2_7_36_1
e_1_2_7_59_1
e_1_2_7_78_1
e_1_2_7_132_1
e_1_2_7_136_1
Stern J. T. (e_1_2_7_118_1) 1975; 19
Schultz A. H. (e_1_2_7_112_1) 1931; 33
e_1_2_7_5_1
e_1_2_7_106_1
e_1_2_7_129_1
Stern J. T. (e_1_2_7_121_1) 1977; 20
e_1_2_7_125_1
e_1_2_7_17_1
e_1_2_7_62_1
e_1_2_7_13_1
e_1_2_7_43_1
e_1_2_7_66_1
e_1_2_7_85_1
e_1_2_7_47_1
e_1_2_7_89_1
e_1_2_7_140_1
e_1_2_7_28_1
Pilbeam D. (e_1_2_7_102_1) 2002
e_1_2_7_73_1
e_1_2_7_110_1
e_1_2_7_50_1
e_1_2_7_92_1
e_1_2_7_25_1
e_1_2_7_31_1
Larson S. G. (e_1_2_7_72_1) 1993
e_1_2_7_77_1
e_1_2_7_54_1
e_1_2_7_96_1
e_1_2_7_21_1
e_1_2_7_35_1
e_1_2_7_58_1
e_1_2_7_39_1
e_1_2_7_133_1
Andrews P. (e_1_2_7_4_1) 1976
e_1_2_7_107_1
e_1_2_7_80_1
e_1_2_7_126_1
e_1_2_7_103_1
Schultz A. H. (e_1_2_7_114_1) 1956; 1
e_1_2_7_18_1
e_1_2_7_84_1
e_1_2_7_61_1
e_1_2_7_2_1
e_1_2_7_14_1
e_1_2_7_42_1
Inman V. T. (e_1_2_7_60_1) 1944; 26
e_1_2_7_88_1
e_1_2_7_10_1
e_1_2_7_46_1
e_1_2_7_69_1
e_1_2_7_141_1
e_1_2_7_27_1
Jungers W. L. (e_1_2_7_65_1) 1984
Ashton E. H. (e_1_2_7_8_1) 1961; 95
Jolly C. J. (e_1_2_7_63_1) 1967
Tuttle R. H. (e_1_2_7_123_1) 1977; 20
e_1_2_7_119_1
e_1_2_7_91_1
Senut B. (e_1_2_7_116_1) 1980; 4
e_1_2_7_30_1
e_1_2_7_76_1
e_1_2_7_99_1
e_1_2_7_22_1
e_1_2_7_34_1
e_1_2_7_57_1
e_1_2_7_130_1
e_1_2_7_134_1
Ankel F. (e_1_2_7_6_1) 1972
e_1_2_7_138_1
Clark W. E. L. G. (e_1_2_7_32_1) 1959
References_xml – volume: 26
  start-page: 1
  year: 1944
  end-page: 30
  article-title: Observations on the function of the shoulder joint
  publication-title: Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
– volume: 96
  start-page: 13247
  year: 1999
  end-page: 13252
  article-title: Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: A developmental perspective
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
– volume: 52
  start-page: 301
  year: 1980
  end-page: 314
  article-title: Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 24
  start-page: 237
  year: 1995
  end-page: 256
  article-title: Miocene hominoids and hominid origins
  publication-title: Annual Review of Anthropology
– volume: 13
  start-page: 229
  year: 2013
  article-title: Different evolutionary pathways underlie the morphology of wrist bones in hominoids
  publication-title: BMC Evolutionary Biology
– volume: 26
  start-page: 525
  year: 1994
  end-page: 544
  article-title: Shoulder motion during quadrupedal walking in : Integration of cineradiographic and electromyographic data
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– start-page: 41
  year: 2000
  end-page: 55
– volume: 94
  start-page: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 12
  article-title: Scapular shape of extant hominoids and the African ape/modern human last common ancestor
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 34
  start-page: 315
  year: 2013
  end-page: 336
  article-title: A comparison of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches to characterizing the dorsal side of the scapula in Hominoidea and its relationship to locomotion
  publication-title: International Journal of Primatology
– volume: 22
  start-page: 267
  year: 1912
  end-page: 294
  article-title: Notes on the principles of quadrupedal locomotion and on the mechanism of the limbs in hoofed animals
  publication-title: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
– volume: 212
  start-page: 501
  year: 2008
  end-page: 543
  article-title: Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common ancestor
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
– volume: 10
  start-page: 135
  year: 1963
  end-page: 163
  article-title: Brachiation in new world monkeys and in anthropoid apes
  publication-title: Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
– volume: 107
  start-page: 12121
  year: 2010
  end-page: 12126
  article-title: An early postcranium from Woranso‐Mille, Ethiopia
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
– volume: 157
  start-page: 299
  year: 1867
  end-page: 429
  article-title: On the appendicular skeleton of the primates
  publication-title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London)
– start-page: 143
  year: 2016
  end-page: 153
– volume: 9
  start-page: 3093
  year: 1990
  end-page: 3099
  article-title: Expression of a homeobox gene in the chick wing bud following application of retinoic acid and grafts of polarizing region tissue
  publication-title: EMBO Journal
– volume: 10
  start-page: 91
  year: 2010
  article-title: Commitment of chondrogenic precursors of the avian scapula takes place after epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of the dermomyotome
  publication-title: BMC Developmental Biology
– volume: 4
  start-page: 87
  year: 1980
  end-page: 93
  article-title: New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
  publication-title: Collegium Antropologicum
– volume: 328
  start-page: 195
  year: 2010
  end-page: 204
  article-title: : A new species of ‐like Australopith from South Africa
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 26
  start-page: 219
  year: 1967
  end-page: 240
  article-title: The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 106
  start-page: 493
  year: 1980
  end-page: 501
  article-title: Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in
  publication-title: Acta Anatomica
– start-page: 1
  year: 1974
  end-page: 43
– volume: 26
  start-page: 89
  year: 1994
  end-page: 165
  article-title: Comparative and functional anatomy of phalanges from the Kaswanga Primate Site, Rusinga Island, Kenya
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 58
  start-page: 122
  year: 1976
  end-page: 126
  article-title: Remodelling by asymmetrical epiphysial growth
  publication-title: Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
– volume: 6
  start-page: 391
  year: 1991
  end-page: 399
  article-title: Scaling of postcranial joint size in hominoid primates
  publication-title: Human Evolution
– volume: 142
  start-page: 125
  year: 1965
  end-page: 142
  article-title: Scapular shape and primate classification
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
– volume: 104
  start-page: 414
  year: 1979
  end-page: 420
  article-title: Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in
  publication-title: Acta Anatomica
– volume: 20
  start-page: 498
  year: 1977
  end-page: 507
  article-title: Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in and
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 273
  start-page: 361
  year: 2004
  end-page: 372
  article-title: The roles of Fgf4 and Fgf8 in limb bud initiation and outgrowth
  publication-title: Developmental Biology
– volume: 18
  start-page: 629
  year: 1997
  end-page: 650
  article-title: What's your angle? Size correction and bar‐glenoid orientation in “Lucy” (A.L. 288‐1)
  publication-title: International Journal of Primatology
– volume: 78
  start-page: 19
  year: 2007
  end-page: 35
  article-title: Scapular position in primates
  publication-title: Folia Primatologica
– volume: 110
  start-page: 19438
  year: 2013
  end-page: 19443
  article-title: interacts with to restrict expression in the developing forelimb
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 47
  start-page: 249
  year: 1977
  end-page: 272
  article-title: The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of “brachiating” adaptations in the Hominoidea
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 31
  start-page: 301
  year: 2010
  end-page: 320
  article-title: Functional analysis of the primate shoulder
  publication-title: International Journal of Primatology
– volume: 244
  start-page: 96
  year: 2002
  end-page: 113
  article-title: Cooperation of and genes during formation of the pectoral girdle
  publication-title: Developmental Biology
– start-page: 23
  year: 1967
  end-page: 50
– volume: 32
  start-page: 323
  year: 1997
  end-page: 344
  article-title: Ontogeny of locomotion in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 95
  start-page: 8692
  year: 1998
  end-page: 8697
  article-title: Targeted disruption of defines its null phenotype and proves haploinsufficiency
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
– volume: 15
  start-page: 37
  year: 1950
  end-page: 53
  article-title: The specializations of man and his place among the catarrhine primates
  publication-title: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
– volume: 212
  start-page: 141
  year: 1998
  end-page: 156
  article-title: Transcriptional interferences at the / locus: Importance of correct expression for the proper specification of the axial skeleton
  publication-title: Developmental Dynamics
– volume: 15
  start-page: 67
  year: 1950
  end-page: 78
  article-title: The analysis of primate evolution with particular reference to the origin of man
  publication-title: Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
– volume: 10
  start-page: 165
  year: 1963
  end-page: 182
  article-title: Locomotor adaptations in the primate forelimb
  publication-title: Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
– volume: 130
  start-page: 5103
  year: 2003
  end-page: 5111
  article-title: Carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) modulates Wnt signaling and regulates the development of skeletal elements in the chicken
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 145
  start-page: 49
  year: 1964
  end-page: 66
  article-title: Functional adaptations in the primate shoulder girdle
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
– start-page: 79
  year: 1997
  end-page: 100
– volume: 306
  start-page: 1339
  year: 2004
  end-page: 1344
  article-title: , a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 90
  start-page: 77
  year: 1993
  end-page: 111
  article-title: Partial skeleton of from Mfangano Island, Kenya
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 1
  year: 1923
  article-title: Man's posture: Its evolution and disorders
  publication-title: British Medical Journal
– volume: 130
  start-page: 2741
  year: 2003
  end-page: 2751
  article-title: is required for forelimb bud formation and continued outgrowth
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 2
  start-page: 303
  year: 1930
  end-page: 438
  article-title: The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates
  publication-title: Human Biology
– volume: 86
  start-page: 521
  year: 1991
  end-page: 536
  article-title: Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– start-page: 209
  year: 1997
  end-page: 224
– volume: 52
  start-page: 559
  year: 2007
  end-page: 572
  article-title: How to identify (as opposed to define) a homoplasy: Examples from fossil and living great apes
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 16
  start-page: 101
  year: 1987
  end-page: 118
  article-title: Cladistic relationships of extant and fossil hominoids
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1
  year: 1986
  end-page: 14
  article-title: Locomotion and feeding postures of spider and howling monkeys: Field study and evolutionary interpretation
  publication-title: Folia Primatologica
– volume: 340
  start-page: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 6
  article-title: The Upper Limb of
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 25
  start-page: 325
  year: 2007
  end-page: 341
  article-title: The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 3: The knee
  publication-title: Gait & Posture
– year: 1967
– volume: 127
  start-page: 3789
  year: 2000
  end-page: 3794
  article-title: Dual origin and segmental organisation of the avian scapula
  publication-title: Development
– start-page: 119
  year: 1984
  end-page: 134
– volume: 45
  start-page: 235
  year: 1976
  end-page: 256
  article-title: The locomotor and postural repertoires of and , and a reevaluation of the locomotor category semibrachiation
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 133
  start-page: 2263
  year: 2006
  end-page: 2273
  article-title: / requirement for distal limb patterning is mediated by the hierarchical control of Hox gene spatial distribution and Shh expression
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 30
  start-page: 319
  year: 1969
  end-page: 332
  article-title: Evolution of the human shoulder: Some possible pathways
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 132
  start-page: 1601
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1610
  article-title: Genetics of shoulder girdle formation: Roles of Tbx15 and aristaless‐like genes
  publication-title: Development
– start-page: 167
  year: 1976
  end-page: 218
– volume: 443
  start-page: 296
  year: 2006
  end-page: 301
  article-title: A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia
  publication-title: Nature
– volume: 156
  start-page: 279
  year: 1978
  end-page: 292
  article-title: Functional analysis of the shoulder girdle of cats during locomotion
  publication-title: Journal of Morphology
– start-page: 327
  year: 1997
  end-page: 362
– volume: 65
  start-page: 481
  year: 1927
  end-page: 488
  article-title: Recent discoveries relating to the origin and antiquity of man
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 26
  start-page: 387
  year: 1994
  end-page: 411
  article-title: Quadrupedalism in some Miocene catarrhines
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 81
  start-page: 267
  year: 1990
  end-page: 268
  article-title: A review of the functional significance of the A.L. 288 axilloglenoid angle
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 2014
  start-page: 8
  year: 2014
  article-title: The thoracic shape of hominoids
  publication-title: Anatomy Research International
– start-page: 303
  year: 2002
  end-page: 310
– volume: 233
  start-page: 1386
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1393
  article-title: Cells of all somitic compartments are determined with respect to segmental identity
  publication-title: Developmental Dynamics
– volume: 12
  start-page: 3156
  year: 1998
  end-page: 3161
  article-title: is required for both limb and lung development and exhibits striking functional similarity to
  publication-title: Genes & Development
– volume: 302B
  start-page: 226
  year: 2004
  end-page: 240
  article-title: Modularity and integration in the hominoid scapula
  publication-title: Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
– volume: 208
  start-page: 431
  year: 2004
  end-page: 437
  article-title: Intrinsic cartilage‐forming potential of dermomyotomal cells requires ectodermal signals for the development of the scapula blade
  publication-title: Anatomy and Embryology
– year: 2009
– volume: 17
  start-page: 1
  year: 1932
  end-page: 56
  article-title: Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in the primates
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 209
  start-page: 2224
  year: 2006
  end-page: 2237
  article-title: Locomotor function of the pectoral girdle ‘muscular sling’ in trotting dogs
  publication-title: Journal of Experimental Biology
– volume: 6
  start-page: 87
  year: 1998
  end-page: 99
  article-title: Parallel evolution in the hominoid trunk and forelimb
  publication-title: Evolutionary Anthropology
– volume: 80
  start-page: 668
  year: 1998
  end-page: 677
  article-title: Glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy
  publication-title: Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
– volume: 96
  start-page: 415
  year: 1962
  article-title: Functional variation in the primate shoulder girdle
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
– start-page: 113
  year: 2016
  end-page: 141
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 1961
  end-page: 66
  article-title: Vertebral column and thorax
  publication-title: Primatologia
– volume: 32
  start-page: 523
  year: 1997
  end-page: 559
  article-title: Body mass in comparative primatology
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 112
  start-page: 11829
  year: 2015
  end-page: 11834
  article-title: Fossil hominin shoulders support an African ape‐like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
– start-page: 301
  year: 1983
  end-page: 324
– start-page: 45
  year: 1993
  end-page: 69
– volume: 49
  start-page: 89
  year: 2008
  end-page: 99
  article-title: Morphological study of the anthropoid thoracic cage: Scaling of thoracic width and an analysis of rib curvature
  publication-title: Primates
– volume: 20
  start-page: 491
  year: 1977
  end-page: 497
  article-title: Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles and hominoid evolution I: Retractors of the humerus and rotators of the scapula
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 95
  start-page: 618
  year: 1961
  end-page: 619
  article-title: Muscular variation in the primate shoulder
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
– volume: 60
  start-page: 279
  year: 1983
  end-page: 317
  article-title: The locomotor anatomy of
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 15
  start-page: 541
  year: 1986
  end-page: 583
  article-title: A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Gervais
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 49
  start-page: 47
  year: 1978
  end-page: 56
  article-title: Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles II: Deltoid, rhomboid, and “rotator cuff
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– year: 1959
– volume: 112
  start-page: 4877
  year: 2015
  end-page: 4884
  article-title: Neither chimpanzee nor human, reveals the surprising ancestry of both
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
– volume: 137
  start-page: 2559
  year: 2010
  end-page: 2569
  article-title: Scapula development is governed by genetic interactions of with its family members and with via their cooperative control of
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 232
  start-page: 149
  year: 2001
  end-page: 156
  article-title: Agenesis of the scapula in homozygous mutants
  publication-title: Developmental Biology
– volume: 21
  start-page: 215
  year: 1991
  end-page: 220
  article-title: did not have a tail
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 147
  start-page: 406
  year: 1965
  end-page: 429
  article-title: The combination of locomotor features of the primate shoulder girdle by canonical axis
  publication-title: Journal of Zoology (London)
– volume: 221
  start-page: S65
  year: 2006
  end-page: S71
  article-title: Regulation of scapula development
  publication-title: Anatomy and Embryology
– volume: 52
  start-page: 323
  year: 1980
  end-page: 334
  article-title: An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in Atelines and : Implications for hominoid evolution
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 40
  start-page: 481
  year: 1959
  end-page: 495
  article-title: Motions of the running cheetah and horse
  publication-title: Journal of Mammology
– volume: 43
  start-page: 441
  year: 2003
  end-page: 464
  article-title: A reassessment of living hominoid postcranial variability: implications for ape evolution
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 188
  start-page: 379
  year: 1979
  end-page: 410
  article-title: The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the ( )
  publication-title: Journal of Zoology (London)
– volume: 85
  start-page: 71
  year: 1991
  end-page: 84
  article-title: EMG of serratus anterior and trapezius in the chimpanzee: Scapular rotators revisited
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 33
  start-page: 385
  year: 1931
  end-page: 412
  article-title: Man as a primate
  publication-title: Scientific Monthly
– volume: 216
  start-page: 482
  year: 2010
  end-page: 488
  article-title: Somitic origin of the medial border of the mammalian scapula and its homology to the avian scapula blade
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
– volume: 97
  start-page: 49
  year: 1995
  end-page: 76
  article-title: Positional behavior in five sympatric old world monkeys
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– start-page: 201
  year: 1967
  end-page: 216
– volume: 218
  start-page: 544
  year: 2011
  end-page: 557
  article-title: The effects of hypermuscularity on shoulder morphology in myostatin‐deficient mice
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
– volume: 18
  start-page: 717
  year: 1989
  end-page: 750
  article-title: Adaptive radiation of the ateline primates
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– start-page: 311
  year: 2002
  end-page: 338
– volume: 7
  start-page: e39617
  year: 2012
  article-title: A partial skeleton of the fossil great ape from Can Feu and the mosaic evolution of crown‐hominoid positional behaviors
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 16
  start-page: 41
  year: 1987
  end-page: 80
  article-title: The phylogenetic relationships of the early catarrhine primates: A review of the current evidence
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 8
  start-page: 261
  year: 1996
  end-page: 272
  article-title: Kinematic analysis of the cat shoulder girdle during treadmill locomotion: An X‐ray study
  publication-title: European Journal of Neuroscience
– start-page: 171
  year: 1974
  end-page: 200
– start-page: 1011
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1030
– volume: 275
  start-page: 315
  year: 2004
  end-page: 324
  article-title: The role of during scapula formation
  publication-title: Developmental Biology
– volume: 436
  start-page: 347
  year: 2005
  end-page: 355
  article-title: Neural crest origins of the neck and shoulder
  publication-title: Nature
– start-page: 223
  year: 1972
  end-page: 240
– volume: 152
  start-page: 239
  year: 2013
  end-page: 260
  article-title: Ontogeny of the hominoid scapula: The influence of locomotion on morphology
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 65
  start-page: 391
  year: 2013
  end-page: 403
  article-title: Rotator cuff muscle function and its relation to scapular morphology in apes
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– volume: 1
  start-page: 887
  year: 1956
  end-page: 964
  article-title: Postembryonic age changes
  publication-title: Primatologia
– volume: 120
  start-page: 2773
  year: 1994
  end-page: 2785
  article-title: Expression and function of during development of the pectoral girdle
  publication-title: Development
– volume: 294
  start-page: 1842
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1855
  article-title: Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas ( ) with comparison to male orangutans ( )
  publication-title: Anatomical Record
– volume: 338
  start-page: 514
  year: 2012
  end-page: 517
  article-title: scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing in human evolution
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 326
  start-page: 70
  year: 2009
  article-title: Careful climbing in the Miocene: The forelimbs of and humans are primitive
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 19
  start-page: 59
  year: 1975
  end-page: 68
  article-title: Before bipedality
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 26
  start-page: 277
  year: 1992
  end-page: 290
  article-title: Locomotor and postural behavior in and
  publication-title: American Journal of Primatology
– volume: 205
  start-page: 581
  year: 1979
  end-page: 598
  article-title: The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B
– volume: 92
  start-page: 291
  year: 1993
  end-page: 328
  article-title: Torso morphology and locomotion in
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
– volume: 23
  start-page: 188
  year: 2014
  end-page: 200
  article-title: Genetic and developmental basis for parallel evolution and its significance for hominoid evolution
  publication-title: Evolutionary Anthropology
– volume: 142
  start-page: 1
  year: 1963
  end-page: 28
  article-title: Locomotor patterns in primates
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
– volume: 176
  start-page: 171
  year: 1986
  end-page: 190
  article-title: EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and “arboreal” locomotion
  publication-title: American Journal of Anatomy
– volume: 326
  start-page: 100
  year: 2009
  end-page: 106
  article-title: The great divides: reveals the postcranium of our last common ancestor with African apes
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 15
  start-page: 18
  year: 2013
  end-page: 27
  article-title: Development of the marsupial shoulder girdle complex: A case study in
  publication-title: Evolution & Development
– volume: 18
  start-page: 35
  year: 1977
  end-page: 58
  article-title: Positional behavior, selective use of habitat substrate and associated non‐positional behavior in free‐ranging (Rüppel, 1835)
  publication-title: Primates
– volume: 80
  start-page: 96
  year: 2015
  end-page: 106
  article-title: Rotator cuff muscle size and the interpretation of scapular shape in primates
  publication-title: Journal of Human Evolution
– ident: e_1_2_7_127_1
  doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-10-91
– ident: e_1_2_7_87_1
– ident: e_1_2_7_78_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7429-1_7
– volume-title: The antecedents of man
  year: 1959
  ident: e_1_2_7_32_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Clark W. E. L. G.
– ident: e_1_2_7_99_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330260209
– ident: e_1_2_7_89_1
  doi: 10.1101/gad.12.20.3156
– ident: e_1_2_7_71_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.01735
– ident: e_1_2_7_120_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330520304
– ident: e_1_2_7_141_1
  doi: 10.1002/ar.21449
– volume: 10
  start-page: 165
  year: 1963
  ident: e_1_2_7_98_1
  article-title: Locomotor adaptations in the primate forelimb
  publication-title: Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
  contributor:
    fullname: Oxnard C. E.
– ident: e_1_2_7_104_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.003
– ident: e_1_2_7_131_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330900106
– ident: e_1_2_7_92_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.00686
– volume: 20
  start-page: 498
  year: 1977
  ident: e_1_2_7_121_1
  article-title: Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in Ateles and Lagothrix
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
  contributor:
    fullname: Stern J. T.
– ident: e_1_2_7_96_1
  doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07506.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_57_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.127.17.3789
– ident: e_1_2_7_10_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05151.x
– volume: 4
  start-page: 87
  year: 1980
  ident: e_1_2_7_116_1
  article-title: New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
  publication-title: Collegium Antropologicum
  contributor:
    fullname: Senut B.
– start-page: 167
  volume-title: Gibbon and siamang
  year: 1976
  ident: e_1_2_7_4_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Andrews P.
– ident: e_1_2_7_82_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1175827
– volume: 2
  start-page: 303
  year: 1930
  ident: e_1_2_7_111_1
  article-title: The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates
  publication-title: Human Biology
  contributor:
    fullname: Schultz A. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_56_1
  doi: 10.1007/s00429-006-0126-9
– ident: e_1_2_7_3_1
  doi: 10.1038/nature05047
– ident: e_1_2_7_61_1
  doi: 10.1023/A:1026319424308
– ident: e_1_2_7_70_1
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-229
– ident: e_1_2_7_17_1
  doi: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1008
– ident: e_1_2_7_30_1
  doi: 10.1155/2014/324850
– volume: 145
  start-page: 49
  year: 1964
  ident: e_1_2_7_11_1
  article-title: Functional adaptations in the primate shoulder girdle
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05153.x
  contributor:
    fullname: Ashton E. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_101_1
  doi: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0159
– ident: e_1_2_7_52_1
  doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(87)90060-1
– ident: e_1_2_7_128_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330920306
– ident: e_1_2_7_140_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511220112
– volume: 120
  start-page: 2773
  year: 1994
  ident: e_1_2_7_122_1
  article-title: Expression and function of Pax1 during development of the pectoral girdle
  publication-title: Development
  doi: 10.1242/dev.120.10.2773
  contributor:
    fullname: Timmons P. M.
– ident: e_1_2_7_134_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1403659111
– ident: e_1_2_7_136_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8692
– ident: e_1_2_7_37_1
  doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051560209
– ident: e_1_2_7_117_1
  doi: 10.1006/jhev.1996.0122
– ident: e_1_2_7_34_1
  doi: 10.1006/jhev.1996.0095
– ident: e_1_2_7_124_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330490109
– start-page: 201
  volume-title: The baboon in medical research
  year: 1967
  ident: e_1_2_7_20_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Benton R. S.
– start-page: 311
  volume-title: The primate fossil record
  year: 2002
  ident: e_1_2_7_53_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Harrison T.
– ident: e_1_2_7_64_1
  doi: 10.1007/BF02435532
– ident: e_1_2_7_42_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350260405
– ident: e_1_2_7_46_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1227123
– ident: e_1_2_7_15_1
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384050-9.50006-4
– ident: e_1_2_7_97_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.65.1690.481
– ident: e_1_2_7_45_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22353
– volume: 33
  start-page: 385
  year: 1931
  ident: e_1_2_7_112_1
  article-title: Man as a primate
  publication-title: Scientific Monthly
  contributor:
    fullname: Schultz A. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_85_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7429-1_6
– ident: e_1_2_7_91_1
  doi: 10.1098/rstl.1867.0013
– ident: e_1_2_7_55_1
  doi: 10.2307/1376265
– ident: e_1_2_7_125_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01200.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_41_1
  doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20464
– ident: e_1_2_7_105_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.00473
– ident: e_1_2_7_54_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_16
– ident: e_1_2_7_48_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.001
– start-page: 41
  volume-title: Development, growth and evolution
  year: 2000
  ident: e_1_2_7_81_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Lovejoy C. O.
– ident: e_1_2_7_100_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330300302
– volume: 81
  start-page: 267
  year: 1990
  ident: e_1_2_7_86_1
  article-title: A review of the functional significance of the A.L. 288 axilloglenoid angle
  publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
  contributor:
    fullname: Mensforth R. P.
– ident: e_1_2_7_88_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330170113
– ident: e_1_2_7_58_1
  doi: 10.1111/ede.12011
– ident: e_1_2_7_83_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1175833
– ident: e_1_2_7_22_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01210.x
– start-page: 303
  volume-title: The primate fossil record
  year: 2002
  ident: e_1_2_7_102_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Pilbeam D.
– ident: e_1_2_7_13_1
  doi: 10.1006/dbio.2002.0596
– ident: e_1_2_7_44_1
  doi: 10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
– ident: e_1_2_7_27_1
  doi: 10.1242/jeb.02236
– ident: e_1_2_7_132_1
  doi: 10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.009
– ident: e_1_2_7_133_1
  doi: 10.2106/00004623-199805000-00007
– ident: e_1_2_7_49_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1912.tb55164.x
– volume: 19
  start-page: 59
  year: 1975
  ident: e_1_2_7_118_1
  article-title: Before bipedality
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
  contributor:
    fullname: Stern J. T.
– ident: e_1_2_7_77_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330850109
– volume-title: A handbook of living primates
  year: 1967
  ident: e_1_2_7_95_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Napier J. R.
– ident: e_1_2_7_62_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03423.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_69_1
  doi: 10.1159/000145093
– ident: e_1_2_7_51_1
  doi: 10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80073-2
– ident: e_1_2_7_59_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330860408
– ident: e_1_2_7_138_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.001
– ident: e_1_2_7_7_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02908.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_29_1
  doi: 10.1159/000095683
– volume: 142
  start-page: 125
  year: 1965
  ident: e_1_2_7_12_1
  article-title: Scapular shape and primate classification
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02004.x
  contributor:
    fullname: Ashton E. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_106_1
  doi: 10.1002/evan.21417
– ident: e_1_2_7_76_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.010
– ident: e_1_2_7_25_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.02395
– ident: e_1_2_7_19_1
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001321
– ident: e_1_2_7_66_1
  doi: 10.1007/s10329-007-0064-z
– volume: 96
  start-page: 415
  year: 1962
  ident: e_1_2_7_9_1
  article-title: Functional variation in the primate shoulder girdle
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
  contributor:
    fullname: Ashton E. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_16_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.017
– ident: e_1_2_7_39_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8854-8_11
– ident: e_1_2_7_2_1
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039617
– ident: e_1_2_7_36_1
  doi: 10.1007/s00429-004-0415-0
– ident: e_1_2_7_73_1
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:3<87::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-T
– ident: e_1_2_7_47_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01351.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_31_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1233477
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1
  year: 1944
  ident: e_1_2_7_60_1
  article-title: Observations on the function of the shoulder joint
  publication-title: Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
  contributor:
    fullname: Inman V. T.
– ident: e_1_2_7_90_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330450210
– ident: e_1_2_7_68_1
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.3251.669
– volume: 20
  start-page: 491
  year: 1977
  ident: e_1_2_7_123_1
  article-title: Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles and hominoid evolution I: Retractors of the humerus and rotators of the scapula
  publication-title: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
  contributor:
    fullname: Tuttle R. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_130_1
  doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(91)90062-Z
– start-page: 45
  volume-title: Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates
  year: 1993
  ident: e_1_2_7_72_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Larson S. G.
– ident: e_1_2_7_75_1
  doi: 10.1002/aja.1001760207
– ident: e_1_2_7_80_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13247
– ident: e_1_2_7_84_1
  doi: 10.1038/nature03837
– ident: e_1_2_7_28_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330470206
– ident: e_1_2_7_107_1
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384050-9.50011-8
– ident: e_1_2_7_110_1
  doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(89)90102-4
– volume: 110
  start-page: 19438
  year: 2013
  ident: e_1_2_7_137_1
  article-title: Hox5 interacts with Plzf to restrict Shh expression in the developing forelimb
  publication-title: Development
  contributor:
    fullname: Xu B.
– ident: e_1_2_7_94_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1103094
– volume: 95
  start-page: 618
  year: 1961
  ident: e_1_2_7_8_1
  article-title: Muscular variation in the primate shoulder
  publication-title: Journal of Anatomy
  contributor:
    fullname: Ashton E. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_18_1
  doi: 10.1007/s10764-013-9660-5
– ident: e_1_2_7_135_1
  doi: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1031
– ident: e_1_2_7_93_1
  doi: 10.1007/BF02382952
– ident: e_1_2_7_113_1
  doi: 10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.007
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 1961
  ident: e_1_2_7_115_1
  article-title: Vertebral column and thorax
  publication-title: Primatologia
  contributor:
    fullname: Schultz A. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_23_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.012
– volume: 1
  start-page: 887
  year: 1956
  ident: e_1_2_7_114_1
  article-title: Postembryonic age changes
  publication-title: Primatologia
  contributor:
    fullname: Schultz A. H.
– ident: e_1_2_7_26_1
  doi: 10.1242/dev.048819
– ident: e_1_2_7_35_1
  doi: 10.1159/000145219
– ident: e_1_2_7_126_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_10
– ident: e_1_2_7_21_1
  doi: 10.1126/science.1184944
– ident: e_1_2_7_109_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_5
– ident: e_1_2_7_14_1
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199805)212:1<141::AID-AJA13>3.0.CO;2-A
– ident: e_1_2_7_103_1
  doi: 10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1
– ident: e_1_2_7_139_1
  doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21003
– start-page: 223
  volume-title: The functional and evolutionary biology of primates
  year: 1972
  ident: e_1_2_7_6_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Ankel F.
– ident: e_1_2_7_43_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330970105
– start-page: 119
  volume-title: The lesser apes
  year: 1984
  ident: e_1_2_7_65_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Jungers W. L.
– volume: 58
  start-page: 122
  year: 1976
  ident: e_1_2_7_67_1
  article-title: Remodelling by asymmetrical epiphysial growth
  publication-title: Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
  contributor:
    fullname: Karaharju E. O.
– volume: 10
  start-page: 135
  year: 1963
  ident: e_1_2_7_38_1
  article-title: Brachiation in new world monkeys and in anthropoid apes
  publication-title: Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
  contributor:
    fullname: Erikson G. E.
– ident: e_1_2_7_108_1
  doi: 10.1006/jhev.1994.1025
– ident: e_1_2_7_119_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330600302
– ident: e_1_2_7_74_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.01.001
– ident: e_1_2_7_24_1
  doi: 10.1159/000156232
– ident: e_1_2_7_5_1
  doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(87)90062-5
– ident: e_1_2_7_40_1
  doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330520302
– ident: e_1_2_7_50_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1004527107
– ident: e_1_2_7_33_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00870.x
– ident: e_1_2_7_129_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_34
– start-page: 23
  volume-title: The baboon in medical research
  year: 1967
  ident: e_1_2_7_63_1
  contributor:
    fullname: Jolly C. J.
– ident: e_1_2_7_79_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.05.001
SSID ssj0006006
Score 2.329905
Snippet Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative “adaptive value” of its individual traits. However, the shift from...
The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's...
Objectives The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from...
OBJECTIVESThe higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from...
SourceID proquest
crossref
pubmed
wiley
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 682
SubjectTerms Animals
Anthropology, Physical
Biological Evolution
Fossils
glenoid orientation
Hominidae - anatomy & histology
Humans
Hypotheses
Principal Component Analysis
Scapula - anatomy & histology
scapular spine
serratus anterior
vertebral border
Title Evolution of the hominoid scapula and its implications for earliest hominid locomotion
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fajpa.23158
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28128440
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1879732085
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1862767390
Volume 162
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1ZS8QwEB4Wn0TwPtaLiD4Ju_ZI0y34sngggiKi4ouUHA2uYrvYrqC_3pl2u-sqCPoWSKZpM5nM12TyDcCeK72OVYJuLBvR4iZEm_M12pV2JP6uGN0pt7IvLsXZLT-_D-4bcFjfhan4IUYbbmQZ5XpNBi5VfjAmDZVPfdlGdBLQTV_XDyme7_h6zB2FnlzU2DfiHX_ETeodjEUnvdEPiDmJWEuXczoHD_XLVpEmz-1Bodr64xuP43-_Zh5mh1iUdavJswCNJF2EmS-pE96X4O7kbTg5WWYZokX2mL300qxnWK4lJf9iMjWsV-Ss9yU4nSEWZmhEiHDzohJBCXScWZU2aBluT09ujs5aw1wMLU18OK3AKvRlykplrdGCzmesQHBlHUe5fmAjP5JGaE6EgAEuFEq6CpEa1x5XRmNpBabSLE3WgCWE-kzIpU4iHlihOGJQJSMdGAef7jZht9ZJ3K8oN-KKXNmLaZjicpiasFmrKx6aXR5T6vTQp7SjTdgZVaPB0CmITJNsQG2EF4rQj5wmrFZqHnXjdchdc6zZL5X1S_9x9_yqW5bW_9J4A6Y9AgZl7M8mTBWvg2QLYU2htsvp-wkmMvLy
link.rule.ids 314,780,784,1375,27924,27925,46294,46718
linkProvider Wiley-Blackwell
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1ZT9wwEB5xPBRVAnpAF5bWVftUaZccjpM8rji03QKqKqh4i3zEYqmaIJJFgl_PjJPdBSohlbdItmPF48_zxR5_A_DVl0FilaAby0b0uIkRc6FGXGlP4u-K0Ynbyj4-EcMzPjqPztvYHLoL0-hDzDbcCBluvSaA04b07lw1VF5eyT7SkyhZhGXEu08RXfu_5upR6MvFlP2mPAln6qTB7rztY3_0D8l8zFmd0zlcazKrVk6rkGJN_vQnterruydKji_-nnVYbekoGzTz5w0s5MVbeP0ge8LtO_h9cNPOT1ZahoSRXZR_x0U5NqzSkvJ_MVkYNq4rNn4Qn86QDjPEEZLcqm6aYAv0nWWTOeg9nB0enO4Ne206hp4mSZxeZBW6M2WlstZoQUc0ViC_sp6n_DCyaZhKIzQnTcAI1wolfYVkjeuAK6PxaQOWirLIPwDLifiZmEudpzyyQnGkoUqmOjIevt3vwJepUbKrRnUja_SVg4yGKXPD1IHu1F5Zi7wqo-zpcUiZRzvweVaMmKGDEFnk5YTqiCAWcZh6Hdhs7DzrJkjIY3Ms-eas9Uz_2WD0c-Cetv6n8id4NTw9PsqOvp_82IaVgHiCCwXqwlJ9Pcl3kOXU6qOby_dgavcT
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1bS8MwFD54ARHB-2VeI_okbHZtmrbgy9AN7wxR2YuUXBqcYjtcJ-iv96RdN6cg6FsgSdPm5Mv5mst3APar3Pa1YObGsmJlqjzEnCMRV9Li-LuipJ8tZV9ds9M7et5yW2NwVNyFyfUhBgtuBhnZfG0A3lH6cCgayp86vILsxPXHYZIyOzDK-Sc3Q_EodOWsIL8B9Z2BOKl9OKw76o5-cMxRypr5nMYcPBRvmx81ea70UlGRH9-EHP_7OfMw2yejpJaPngUYi-JFmPkSO-F9Ce7rb_3RSRJNkC6Sx-SlHSdtRbqSm-hfhMeKtNMuaX85nU6QDBNEEVLcbppXwRroOZM8btAy3DXqt8en5X4whrI0gjhlVwt0ZkJzobWSzGzQaIbsSluWqDquDpyAKyapUQR0caYQvCqQqlFpU6EkplZgIk7iaA1IZGif8iiXUUBdzQRFEip4IF1l4dOrJdgrbBJ2cs2NMFdXtkPTTWHWTSXYLMwV9nHXDU3sdM8xcUdLsDvIRsSYbRAeR0nPlGG2xzwnsEqwmpt50IztG39NMecgM9Yv7Ye182YtS63_pfAOTDVPGuHl2fXFBkzbhiRk54A2YSJ97UVbSHFSsZ2N5E-JT_XC
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+hominoid+scapula+and+its+implications+for+earliest+hominid+locomotion&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+physical+anthropology&rft.au=Selby%2C+Michael+S.&rft.au=Lovejoy%2C+C.+Owen&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft.eissn=1096-8644&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=682&rft.epage=700&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fajpa.23158&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1002_ajpa_23158
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0002-9483&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0002-9483&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0002-9483&client=summon