Does the ability to express different emotions predict different indices of physical health? A skill‐based study of physical symptoms and heart rate variability

• Published in: British journal of health psychology Vol. 22; no. 3; pp. 502 - 523
• Main Authors: Tuck, Natalie L., Adams, Kathryn S., Consedine, Nathan S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Ability; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community living; Cross-Sectional Studies; emotion regulation; Emotions; Emotions - physiology; expressive regulatory skill; expressive suppression; Facial Expression; facial expression emotion; Facial expressions; Female; health; Health Status; Heart rate; Heart Rate - physiology; heart rate variability; Humans; Individual differences; Male; Mental health; Middle Aged; Missing data; New Zealand; Physical symptoms; Questionnaires; Resting; Sadness; Skills; Surveys and Questionnaires; symptoms; Variability; Young Adult; symptoms; emotion regulation; heart rate variability; expressive regulatory skill; facial expression emotion; health; expressive suppression
• DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12242
• ISSN: 1359-107X

Objectives The outward expression of emotion has been frequently associated with better health outcomes, whereas suppressing emotion is thought to contribute to worse physical health. However, work has typically focused on trait expressive tendencies and the possibility that individual differences in the ability to express specific emotions may also be associated with health has not been widely tested. Design A cross‐sectional study of community dwelling adults. Methods One hundred and twenty‐eight participants aged 18–88 years completed questionnaires assessing demographics and health status, before attending a testing session in which resting heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed. Participants then completed a performance‐based test of expressive regulatory skill in which they were instructed to enhance and suppress their emotional expressions while they watched film clips validated to elicit amusement, sadness, and anger. Participants rated subjective emotional experience before and after each clip, and their degree of expressivity was scored using FACS‐based Noldus FaceReader. Results Missing data resulted in a final sample size of 117. Linear regressions controlling for age, sex, diagnoses, and trait emotion revealed that greater ability to enhance sad expressions was associated with higher HRV while the ability to enhance expressions of joy was associated with lower symptom interference. In parallel models, the ability to flexibly regulate (both enhance and suppress) expressions of joy and sadness was also associated with lower symptom interference. Conclusions Findings suggest that the ability to regulate expressions of both sadness and joy is associated with health indices even when controlling for trait affect and potential confounds. The present findings offer early evidence that individual differences in the ability to regulate the outward expression of emotion may be relevant to health and suggest that expressive regulatory skills offer a novel avenue for research and intervention. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject The tendency to outwardly express felt emotion generally predicts better health, whereas expressive suppression typically predicts worse health outcomes. Most work has been based on trait assessments; however, the ability to regulate the expression of felt emotion can be objectively assessed using performance‐based tests. Prior work in mental health suggests that the ability to flexibly up‐ and downregulate the expression of emotion predicts better outcomes. What does this study add The first evidence that the ability to flexibly regulate expressions predicts indices of health. Skill in both expressing and suppressing facial expressions predicts better reported health. Skills with different emotions differentially predict symptom interference and cardiac vagal tone.