Driving behaviour models enabling the simulation of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems: revisiting the Action Point paradigm

• Published in: Transportation research. Part C, Emerging technologies Vol. 36; pp. 352 - 366
• Main Authors: Bifulco, Gennaro Nicola, Pariota, Luigi, Brackstione, Mark, Mcdonald, Michael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier India Pvt Ltd 01.11.2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Action Point theory; ADAS; Applied sciences; Car-following; Driving behaviour; Exact sciences and technology; Ground, air and sea transportation, marine construction; Instrumented Vehicle; ITS; Microscopic; Road transportation and traffic; Microscopic; Instrumented Vehicle; Action Point theory; Car-following; ITS; ADAS; Driving behaviour; On board equipment; Car following; Instruments; Road vehicle; Behavior model; Vehicle driver; Simulation; Observation; User assistance; Experimentation; Road traffic; Advanced technology; Intelligent system; Data gathering
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2013.09.009
• ISSN: 0968-090X

•We investigate driving behaviours.•Based on a pilot survey, we confirm the Action Point (AP) theory, with some simplifications.•We propose a new characterisation of the AP theory in terms of opening and closing waves.•Based on the pilot survey, we identify a (linear) pattern for the distribution of action points. In the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), one of the most promising sub-functions is that of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Development of an effective ADAS, and one that is able to gain drivers’ acceptance, hinges on the development of a human-like car-following model, and this is particularly important in order to ensure the driver is always ‘in the (vehicle control) loop’ and is able to recover control safely in any situation where the ADAS may release control. One of the most commonly used models of car-following is that of the Action Point (AP) (psychophysical) paradigm. However, while this is widely used in both micro-simulation models and behavioural research, the approach is not without its weaknesses. One of these, the potential redundancy of some of the identified APs, is examined in this paper and its basic structure validated using microscopic driving behaviour collected on thirteen subjects in Italy. Another weakness in practical application of the Action Point theory is the identification of appropriate thresholds, accounting for the perception, reaction and adjustment of relative speed (or spacing) from the leading vehicle. This article shows that this identification is problematic if the Action Point paradigm is analysed in a traditional way (car-following spirals), while it is easier if the phenomenon is analysed in terms of car-following ‘waves’, related to Time To Collision (TTC) or the inverse of TTC. Within this new interpretative framework, the observed action points can be observed to follow a characteristically linear pattern. The identification of the most significant variables to be taken into account, and their characterisation by means of a simple linear pattern, allows for the formulation of more efficient real-time applications, thereby contributing to the development and diffusion of emerging on-board technologies in the field of vehicle control and driver’s assistance.