Protein Expression of TXNIP in the Dopaminergic Neurons of Subjects with Parkinson’s Disease: Evidence from a Pilot Study

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its neuropathology is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the...

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Published inLife (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 8; p. 1252
Main Authors Schillaci, Francesca A., Lanza, Giuseppe, Salluzzo, Maria Grazia, Ferri, Raffaele, Salemi, Michele
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 07.08.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Antibodies
Antigens
Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Brain
Brain research
Cytoplasm
Degeneration
Development and progression
Disease
Diseases
Dopamine receptors
dopaminergic neurons
Genes
Immunohistochemistry
Italy
Lewy bodies
Localization
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Movement disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurons
Neuropathology
New Mexico
Oxidative stress
Parkinson's disease
Pathogenesis
Pigments
Pilot projects
Protein expression
Proteins
Software
Substantia nigra
Synuclein
Thioredoxin
Transcriptomics
TXNIP protein
United Kingdom
New Mexico
Italy
United Kingdom
United Kingdom > UK
United States > US
substantia nigra
immunohistochemistry
Parkinson’s disease
dopaminergic neurons
TXNIP protein
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ISSN2075-1729
2075-1729
DOI10.3390/life15081252

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Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its neuropathology is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein-forming Lewy bodies. Oxidative stress is a key contributor to PD pathogenesis. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a crucial regulator of cellular redox balance, inhibiting the antioxidant function of thioredoxin. This pilot study aimed to investigate the protein expression and localization of TXNIP in the SNpc of PD patients compared to healthy controls. We performed immunohistochemical analyses on 12 post-mortem human brain sections (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) from six subjects with PD and six healthy controls. The study was performed on PD subjects with Braak stage 6. Our findings revealed that in control samples, TXNIP protein was distinctly and closely associated with neuromelanin (NM) pigment within the cytoplasm of SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Conversely, in PD samples, there was a markedly weak cytoplasmic expression of TXNIP, and critically, this association with NM pigment was absent. Furthermore, PD samples exhibited a significant reduction in both dopaminergic neurons and NM content, consistent with advanced disease. These findings, which mirror previous transcriptomic data showing TXNIP gene under-expression in the same subjects, suggest that altered TXNIP expression and localization in SNpc dopaminergic neurons are features of late-stage PD, potentially reflecting neuronal dysfunction and loss.
AbstractList Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its neuropathology is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein-forming Lewy bodies. Oxidative stress is a key contributor to PD pathogenesis. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a crucial regulator of cellular redox balance, inhibiting the antioxidant function of thioredoxin. This pilot study aimed to investigate the protein expression and localization of TXNIP in the SNpc of PD patients compared to healthy controls. We performed immunohistochemical analyses on 12 post-mortem human brain sections (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) from six subjects with PD and six healthy controls. The study was performed on PD subjects with Braak stage 6. Our findings revealed that in control samples, TXNIP protein was distinctly and closely associated with neuromelanin (NM) pigment within the cytoplasm of SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Conversely, in PD samples, there was a markedly weak cytoplasmic expression of TXNIP, and critically, this association with NM pigment was absent. Furthermore, PD samples exhibited a significant reduction in both dopaminergic neurons and NM content, consistent with advanced disease. These findings, which mirror previous transcriptomic data showing TXNIP gene under-expression in the same subjects, suggest that altered TXNIP expression and localization in SNpc dopaminergic neurons are features of late-stage PD, potentially reflecting neuronal dysfunction and loss.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its neuropathology is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein-forming Lewy bodies. Oxidative stress is a key contributor to PD pathogenesis. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a crucial regulator of cellular redox balance, inhibiting the antioxidant function of thioredoxin. This pilot study aimed to investigate the protein expression and localization of TXNIP in the SNpc of PD patients compared to healthy controls. We performed immunohistochemical analyses on 12 post-mortem human brain sections (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) from six subjects with PD and six healthy controls. The study was performed on PD subjects with Braak stage 6. Our findings revealed that in control samples, TXNIP protein was distinctly and closely associated with neuromelanin (NM) pigment within the cytoplasm of SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Conversely, in PD samples, there was a markedly weak cytoplasmic expression of TXNIP, and critically, this association with NM pigment was absent. Furthermore, PD samples exhibited a significant reduction in both dopaminergic neurons and NM content, consistent with advanced disease. These findings, which mirror previous transcriptomic data showing TXNIP gene under-expression in the same subjects, suggest that altered TXNIP expression and localization in SNpc dopaminergic neurons are features of late-stage PD, potentially reflecting neuronal dysfunction and loss.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its neuropathology is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and the intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein-forming Lewy bodies. Oxidative stress is a key contributor to PD pathogenesis. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a crucial regulator of cellular redox balance, inhibiting the antioxidant function of thioredoxin. This pilot study aimed to investigate the protein expression and localization of TXNIP in the SNpc of PD patients compared to healthy controls. We performed immunohistochemical analyses on 12 post-mortem human brain sections (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) from six subjects with PD and six healthy controls. The study was performed on PD subjects with Braak stage 6. Our findings revealed that in control samples, TXNIP protein was distinctly and closely associated with neuromelanin (NM) pigment within the cytoplasm of SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Conversely, in PD samples, there was a markedly weak cytoplasmic expression of TXNIP, and critically, this association with NM pigment was absent. Furthermore, PD samples exhibited a significant reduction in both dopaminergic neurons and NM content, consistent with advanced disease. These findings, which mirror previous transcriptomic data showing TXNIP gene under-expression in the same subjects, suggest that altered TXNIP expression and localization in SNpc dopaminergic neurons are features of late-stage PD, potentially reflecting neuronal dysfunction and loss.
Audience Academic
Author Lanza, Giuseppe
Salluzzo, Maria Grazia
Salemi, Michele
Ferri, Raffaele
Schillaci, Francesca A.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; glanza@oasi.en.it (G.L.); msalluzzo@oasi.en.it (M.G.S.); rferri@oasi.en.it (R.F.); msalemi@oasi.en.it (M.S.)
2 Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Keywords substantia nigra
immunohistochemistry
Parkinson’s disease
dopaminergic neurons
TXNIP protein
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Snippet Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its...
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, multisystemic α-synucleinopathy, recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Its...
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SubjectTerms Antibodies
Antigens
Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Brain
Brain research
Cytoplasm
Degeneration
Development and progression
Disease
Diseases
Dopamine receptors
dopaminergic neurons
Genes
Immunohistochemistry
Italy
Lewy bodies
Localization
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Movement disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurons
Neuropathology
New Mexico
Oxidative stress
Parkinson's disease
Pathogenesis
Pigments
Pilot projects
Protein expression
Proteins
Software
Substantia nigra
Synuclein
Thioredoxin
Transcriptomics
TXNIP protein
United Kingdom
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Title Protein Expression of TXNIP in the Dopaminergic Neurons of Subjects with Parkinson’s Disease: Evidence from a Pilot Study
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40868900
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