Skeletal muscle estimation: A review of techniques and their applications
Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screenin...
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| Published in | Clinical physiology and functional imaging Vol. 44; no. 4; pp. 261 - 284 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.07.2024
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| Abstract | Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice. This narrative review presents a discussion centred on the theory and applications of current non‐invasive techniques for estimating skeletal muscle size in diverse populations. Common instruments for skeletal muscle assessment include imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and Brightness‐mode ultrasound, and non‐imaging techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Skeletal muscle size can be acquired from these methods using whole‐body and/or regional assessments, as well as prediction equations. Notable concerns when conducting assessments include the absence of standardised image acquisition/processing protocols and the variation in cut‐off thresholds used to define low skeletal muscle size by clinicians and researchers, which could affect the accuracy and prevalence of diagnoses. Given the importance of evaluating skeletal muscle size, it is imperative practitioners are informed of each technique and their respective strengths and weaknesses. |
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| AbstractList | Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice. This narrative review presents a discussion centred on the theory and applications of current non‐invasive techniques for estimating skeletal muscle size in diverse populations. Common instruments for skeletal muscle assessment include imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and Brightness‐mode ultrasound, and non‐imaging techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Skeletal muscle size can be acquired from these methods using whole‐body and/or regional assessments, as well as prediction equations. Notable concerns when conducting assessments include the absence of standardised image acquisition/processing protocols and the variation in cut‐off thresholds used to define low skeletal muscle size by clinicians and researchers, which could affect the accuracy and prevalence of diagnoses. Given the importance of evaluating skeletal muscle size, it is imperative practitioners are informed of each technique and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice. This narrative review presents a discussion centred on the theory and applications of current non-invasive techniques for estimating skeletal muscle size in diverse populations. Common instruments for skeletal muscle assessment include imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and Brightness-mode ultrasound, and non-imaging techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Skeletal muscle size can be acquired from these methods using whole-body and/or regional assessments, as well as prediction equations. Notable concerns when conducting assessments include the absence of standardised image acquisition/processing protocols and the variation in cut-off thresholds used to define low skeletal muscle size by clinicians and researchers, which could affect the accuracy and prevalence of diagnoses. Given the importance of evaluating skeletal muscle size, it is imperative practitioners are informed of each technique and their respective strengths and weaknesses.Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice. This narrative review presents a discussion centred on the theory and applications of current non-invasive techniques for estimating skeletal muscle size in diverse populations. Common instruments for skeletal muscle assessment include imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and Brightness-mode ultrasound, and non-imaging techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Skeletal muscle size can be acquired from these methods using whole-body and/or regional assessments, as well as prediction equations. Notable concerns when conducting assessments include the absence of standardised image acquisition/processing protocols and the variation in cut-off thresholds used to define low skeletal muscle size by clinicians and researchers, which could affect the accuracy and prevalence of diagnoses. Given the importance of evaluating skeletal muscle size, it is imperative practitioners are informed of each technique and their respective strengths and weaknesses. |
| Author | Palmer, Ty B. Mota, Jacob D. Rodriguez, Christian Heymsfield, Steven B. Tinsley, Grant M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christian orcidid: 0000-0003-3962-7268 surname: Rodriguez fullname: Rodriguez, Christian organization: Texas Tech University – sequence: 2 givenname: Jacob D. orcidid: 0000-0002-4797-0173 surname: Mota fullname: Mota, Jacob D. organization: Texas Tech University – sequence: 3 givenname: Ty B. orcidid: 0000-0002-3811-4092 surname: Palmer fullname: Palmer, Ty B. organization: Texas Tech University – sequence: 4 givenname: Steven B. surname: Heymsfield fullname: Heymsfield, Steven B. organization: Louisiana State University System – sequence: 5 givenname: Grant M. orcidid: 0000-0002-0230-6586 surname: Tinsley fullname: Tinsley, Grant M. email: grant.tinsley@ttu.edu organization: Texas Tech University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38426639$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1519_SSC_0000000000000888 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_19042 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gassur_2024_101898 crossref_primary_10_1111_cpf_12897 crossref_primary_10_1111_eci_14218 |
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| SubjectTerms | Anthropometry Assessments Bioelectricity body composition cachexia Computed tomography Diagnostic Imaging - methods dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry Estimation Humans Image acquisition Imaging techniques Magnetic resonance imaging Morbidity Muscle Strength Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging Musculoskeletal system Predictive Value of Tests Quality of life Radiation dosage Reproducibility of Results sarcopenia Sarcopenia - diagnosis Sarcopenia - diagnostic imaging Sarcopenia - physiopathology Skeletal muscle Tomography Ultrasonic testing |
| Title | Skeletal muscle estimation: A review of techniques and their applications |
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