Two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using light and salt stress conditions for simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidants
The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl 2 ) on the two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris , with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L −1...
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| Published in | Journal of applied phycology Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 227 - 239 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Dordrecht
Springer Netherlands
01.02.2021
Springer Nature B.V |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl
2
) on the two-stage cultivation of
Chlorella vulgaris
, with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L
−1
day
−1
) was obtained at 5 g L
−1
MgCl
2
and 140 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
light intensity. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 52.35–81.64%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from 7.38–34.26%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 7.25–25.10%, with palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids as predominant fatty acids. Under high light intensity and nitrogen limitation in the two-stage cultivation, supplementation of 10 g L
−1
NaCl with a medium replacement caused a marked increase in the total carotenoids (4.37 ± 0.33 μg mL
−1
). Cultivation of
C. vulgaris
in a medium containing 5 g L
−1
NaCl or Mg Cl
2
, with or without a medium replacement step and with exposure to 140 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
light intensity, led to enhanced antioxidant activities (65–79%). The different levels of antioxidant activities of the
C. vulgaris
extracts suggested the variation in the phytochemical compounds, a result of the stressed conditions.
Graphical abstract |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl
2
) on the two-stage cultivation of
Chlorella vulgaris
, with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L
−1
day
−1
) was obtained at 5 g L
−1
MgCl
2
and 140 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
light intensity. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 52.35–81.64%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from 7.38–34.26%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 7.25–25.10%, with palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids as predominant fatty acids. Under high light intensity and nitrogen limitation in the two-stage cultivation, supplementation of 10 g L
−1
NaCl with a medium replacement caused a marked increase in the total carotenoids (4.37 ± 0.33 μg mL
−1
). Cultivation of
C. vulgaris
in a medium containing 5 g L
−1
NaCl or Mg Cl
2
, with or without a medium replacement step and with exposure to 140 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
light intensity, led to enhanced antioxidant activities (65–79%). The different levels of antioxidant activities of the
C. vulgaris
extracts suggested the variation in the phytochemical compounds, a result of the stressed conditions.
Graphical abstract The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl2) on the two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L−1 day−1) was obtained at 5 g L−1 MgCl2 and 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 52.35–81.64%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from 7.38–34.26%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 7.25–25.10%, with palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids as predominant fatty acids. Under high light intensity and nitrogen limitation in the two-stage cultivation, supplementation of 10 g L−1 NaCl with a medium replacement caused a marked increase in the total carotenoids (4.37 ± 0.33 μg mL−1). Cultivation of C. vulgaris in a medium containing 5 g L−1 NaCl or Mg Cl2, with or without a medium replacement step and with exposure to 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity, led to enhanced antioxidant activities (65–79%). The different levels of antioxidant activities of the C. vulgaris extracts suggested the variation in the phytochemical compounds, a result of the stressed conditions. The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl₂) on the two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹) was obtained at 5 g L⁻¹ MgCl₂ and 140 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensity. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 52.35–81.64%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from 7.38–34.26%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 7.25–25.10%, with palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids as predominant fatty acids. Under high light intensity and nitrogen limitation in the two-stage cultivation, supplementation of 10 g L⁻¹ NaCl with a medium replacement caused a marked increase in the total carotenoids (4.37 ± 0.33 μg mL⁻¹). Cultivation of C. vulgaris in a medium containing 5 g L⁻¹ NaCl or Mg Cl₂, with or without a medium replacement step and with exposure to 140 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensity, led to enhanced antioxidant activities (65–79%). The different levels of antioxidant activities of the C. vulgaris extracts suggested the variation in the phytochemical compounds, a result of the stressed conditions. Graphical abstract |
| Author | El-fayoumy, Eman A. Soliman, Ramadan M. Rasmy, Wessam E. Abdullah, Mohd Azmuddin Ali, Hamdy Elsayed Ahmed |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hamdy Elsayed Ahmed surname: Ali fullname: Ali, Hamdy Elsayed Ahmed organization: Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) – sequence: 2 givenname: Eman A. surname: El-fayoumy fullname: El-fayoumy, Eman A. organization: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University – sequence: 3 givenname: Wessam E. surname: Rasmy fullname: Rasmy, Wessam E. organization: Production Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) – sequence: 4 givenname: Ramadan M. surname: Soliman fullname: Soliman, Ramadan M. organization: Process Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) – sequence: 5 givenname: Mohd Azmuddin orcidid: 0000-0001-8755-5444 surname: Abdullah fullname: Abdullah, Mohd Azmuddin email: azmuddin@umt.edu.my, joule1602@gmail.com organization: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu |
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| SubjectTerms | Abiotic stress algology Antioxidants Biomedical and Life Sciences Carotenoids Chlorella Chlorella vulgaris Cultivation Ecology Fatty acids Freshwater & Marine Ecology Life Sciences Light intensity Lipids Luminous intensity Magnesium chloride nitrogen Photons phytochemicals Plant Physiology Plant Sciences Polyunsaturated fatty acids salt stress Sodium chloride |
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| Title | Two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using light and salt stress conditions for simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidants |
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