Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes

In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency of the devices 1 – 3...

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Published in	Nature (London) Vol. 598; no. 7881; pp. 444 - 450
Main Authors	Min, Hanul, Lee, Do Yoon, Kim, Junu, Kim, Gwisu, Lee, Kyoung Su, Kim, Jongbeom, Paik, Min Jae, Kim, Young Ki, Kim, Kwang S., Kim, Min Gyu, Shin, Tae Joo, Il Seok, Sang
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 21.10.2021 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects	639/301/299/946 639/4077/4072/4062 Coherence Defects Efficiency Electrodes Electromagnetic absorption Electron transport Energy conversion efficiency Feature extraction Humanities and Social Sciences Interfaces Interlayers Metal halides Microscopy multidisciplinary Multilayered thin films Perovskites Photovoltaic cells Science Science (multidisciplinary) Solar cells Thin films Tin dioxide
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Abstract	In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency of the devices 1 – 3 . Recent efforts to reduce these interfacial defects have focused mainly on surface passivation 4 – 6 . However, passivating the perovskite surface that interfaces with the electron-transporting layer is difficult, because the surface-treatment agents on the electron-transporting layer may dissolve while coating the perovskite thin film. Alternatively, interfacial defects may not be a concern if a coherent interface could be formed between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers. Here we report the formation of an interlayer between a SnO 2 electron-transporting layer and a halide perovskite light-absorbing layer, achieved by coupling Cl-bonded SnO 2 with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This interlayer has atomically coherent features, which enhance charge extraction and transport from the perovskite layer, and fewer interfacial defects. The existence of such a coherent interlayer allowed us to fabricate perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 25.8 per cent (certified 25.5 per cent)under standard illumination. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices maintained about 90 per cent of their initial efficiency even after continuous light exposure for 500 hours. Our findings provide guidelines for designing defect-minimizing interfaces between metal halide perovskites and electron-transporting layers. An atomically coherent interlayer between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers in perovskite solar cells enhances charge extraction and transport from the perovskite, enabling high power conversion efficiency.
AbstractList	In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency of the devices 1 – 3 . Recent efforts to reduce these interfacial defects have focused mainly on surface passivation 4 – 6 . However, passivating the perovskite surface that interfaces with the electron-transporting layer is difficult, because the surface-treatment agents on the electron-transporting layer may dissolve while coating the perovskite thin film. Alternatively, interfacial defects may not be a concern if a coherent interface could be formed between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers. Here we report the formation of an interlayer between a SnO 2 electron-transporting layer and a halide perovskite light-absorbing layer, achieved by coupling Cl-bonded SnO 2 with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This interlayer has atomically coherent features, which enhance charge extraction and transport from the perovskite layer, and fewer interfacial defects. The existence of such a coherent interlayer allowed us to fabricate perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 25.8 per cent (certified 25.5 per cent)under standard illumination. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices maintained about 90 per cent of their initial efficiency even after continuous light exposure for 500 hours. Our findings provide guidelines for designing defect-minimizing interfaces between metal halide perovskites and electron-transporting layers. An atomically coherent interlayer between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers in perovskite solar cells enhances charge extraction and transport from the perovskite, enabling high power conversion efficiency. In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency ofthe devices1-3. Recent efforts to reduce these interfacial defects have focused mainly on surface passivation4-6. However, passivating the perovskite surface that interfaces with the electron-transporting layer is difficult, because the surface-treatment agents on the electron-transporting layer may dissolve while coating the perovskite thin film. Alternatively, interfacial defects may not be a concern if a coherent interface could be formed between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers. Here we report the formation of an interlayer between a SnO2 electron-transporting layer and a halide perovskite light-absorbing layer, achieved by coupling Cl-bonded SnO2 with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This interlayer has atomically coherent features, which enhance charge extraction and transport from the perovskite layer, and fewer interfacial defects. The existence of such a coherent interlayer allowed us to fabricate perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 25.8 per cent (certified 25.5 per cent)under standard illumination. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices maintained about 90 per cent oftheir initial efficiency even after continuous light exposure for 500 hours. Our findings provide guidelines for designing defect-minimizing interfaces between metal halide perovskites and electron-transporting layers. In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency of the devices1-3. Recent efforts to reduce these interfacial defects have focused mainly on surface passivation4-6. However, passivating the perovskite surface that interfaces with the electron-transporting layer is difficult, because the surface-treatment agents on the electron-transporting layer may dissolve while coating the perovskite thin film. Alternatively, interfacial defects may not be a concern if a coherent interface could be formed between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers. Here we report the formation of an interlayer between a SnO2 electron-transporting layer and a halide perovskite light-absorbing layer, achieved by coupling Cl-bonded SnO2 with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This interlayer has atomically coherent features, which enhance charge extraction and transport from the perovskite layer, and fewer interfacial defects. The existence of such a coherent interlayer allowed us to fabricate perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 25.8 per cent (certified 25.5 per cent)under standard illumination. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices maintained about 90 per cent of their initial efficiency even after continuous light exposure for 500 hours. Our findings provide guidelines for designing defect-minimizing interfaces between metal halide perovskites and electron-transporting layers.In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that within the perovskite layer), specifically, deep-level defects, which substantially reduce the power conversion efficiency of the devices1-3. Recent efforts to reduce these interfacial defects have focused mainly on surface passivation4-6. However, passivating the perovskite surface that interfaces with the electron-transporting layer is difficult, because the surface-treatment agents on the electron-transporting layer may dissolve while coating the perovskite thin film. Alternatively, interfacial defects may not be a concern if a coherent interface could be formed between the electron-transporting and perovskite layers. Here we report the formation of an interlayer between a SnO2 electron-transporting layer and a halide perovskite light-absorbing layer, achieved by coupling Cl-bonded SnO2 with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This interlayer has atomically coherent features, which enhance charge extraction and transport from the perovskite layer, and fewer interfacial defects. The existence of such a coherent interlayer allowed us to fabricate perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 25.8 per cent (certified 25.5 per cent)under standard illumination. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices maintained about 90 per cent of their initial efficiency even after continuous light exposure for 500 hours. Our findings provide guidelines for designing defect-minimizing interfaces between metal halide perovskites and electron-transporting layers.
Author	Lee, Do Yoon Kim, Min Gyu Kim, Jongbeom Kim, Young Ki Il Seok, Sang Lee, Kyoung Su Kim, Gwisu Min, Hanul Paik, Min Jae Kim, Kwang S. Kim, Junu Shin, Tae Joo
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Hanul surname: Min fullname: Min, Hanul organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Do Yoon surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Do Yoon organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Junu surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Junu organization: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 4 givenname: Gwisu surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Gwisu organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: Kyoung Su surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Kyoung Su organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 6 givenname: Jongbeom surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Jongbeom organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 7 givenname: Min Jae surname: Paik fullname: Paik, Min Jae organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 8 givenname: Young Ki surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Young Ki organization: UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 9 givenname: Kwang S. orcidid: 0000-0002-6929-5359 surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Kwang S. organization: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 10 givenname: Min Gyu orcidid: 0000-0002-2366-6898 surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Min Gyu email: mgkim@postech.ac.kr organization: Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology – sequence: 11 givenname: Tae Joo orcidid: 0000-0002-1438-3298 surname: Shin fullname: Shin, Tae Joo email: tjshin@unist.ac.kr organization: UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – sequence: 12 givenname: Sang orcidid: 0000-0001-9976-6628 surname: Il Seok fullname: Il Seok, Sang email: seoksi@unsit.ac.kr organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 Copyright Nature Publishing Group Oct 21, 2021 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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Snippet	In perovskite solar cells, the interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers contain high concentrations of defects (about 100 times that...
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SubjectTerms	639/301/299/946 639/4077/4072/4062 Coherence Defects Efficiency Electrodes Electromagnetic absorption Electron transport Energy conversion efficiency Feature extraction Humanities and Social Sciences Interfaces Interlayers Metal halides Microscopy multidisciplinary Multilayered thin films Perovskites Photovoltaic cells Science Science (multidisciplinary) Solar cells Thin films Tin dioxide
Title	Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes
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