Influences of semantic and syntactic context on open- and closed-class words

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The constraints imposed by formal sentence structure alone did not reduce the amplitude of the N400 component elicited by open-class words, whereas sem...

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Published in	Memory & cognition Vol. 19; no. 1; pp. 95 - 112
Main Authors	Van Petten, Cyma, Kutas, Marta
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Austin, TX Psychonomic Society 01.01.1991 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	Adolescent Adult Anatomical correlates of behavior Arousal - physiology Attention - physiology Behavioral psychophysiology Biological and medical sciences Cerebral Cortex - physiology Cognition & reasoning Error Analysis Evoked Potentials, Visual - physiology Female Function Word Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Language Male Memory Psychology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Reading Semantics Sentence Social research Syntax Verbal Learning - physiology Word Context Stimulus frequency Congruence Word Response amplitude Central nervous system Electrophysiology Visual evoked potential Cognition Electroencephalography Reading Language Semantics Syntax Sentence
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0090-502X 1532-5946
DOI	10.3758/BF03198500

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Abstract	Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The constraints imposed by formal sentence structure alone did not reduce the amplitude of the N400 component elicited by open-class words, whereas semantic constraints did. Semantic constraints also eliminated the word-frequency effect of a larger N400 for low-frequency words. Responses to closed-class words exhibited reduced N400 amplitudes in syntactic and congruent sentences, indicating that formal sentence structure placed greater restrictions on closed-class words than it did on open-class words. However, unlike the open-class results, the impact of sentence context on closed-class words was stable across word positions, suggesting that these syntactic constraints were applied only locally. A second ERP component, distinct from the N400, was elicited primarily by congruent closed-class words.
AbstractList	The influences & constraints of formal sentence structure & semantics on event-related potentials (ERPs) in open (content) & closed (function) class words are examined during the reading of semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but unmeaningful, & random word strings. The N400 has been proved responsive to linguistic variables. Sentence types were presented visually in random order to young adults (N = 19 males & 19 females) who tried to identify target words in the sentences. Repeated measures analysis of variance of errors shows that Ss are more likely to make false negative responses (fail to identify target word) for closed-class words. Semantic constraints decrease the amplitude of the N400 elicited by open-class words, but formal sentence structure did not. Semantic constraints also eliminate word-frequency effects of larger N400s for low frequency words. For closed-class words, the N400 is reduced in syntactic & congruent sentences, showing an effect of formal sentence structure. The global ERP effects of sentence type, word position, effects of word frequency, final words, & context of both open & closed class words are discussed in detail. 3 Tables, 7 Figures, 94 References. Adapted from the source document Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The constraints imposed by formal sentence structure alone did not reduce the amplitude of the N400 component elicited by open-class words, whereas semantic constraints did. Semantic constraints also eliminated the word-frequency effect of a larger N400 for low-frequency words. Responses to closed-class words exhibited reduced N400 amplitudes in syntactic and congruent sentences, indicating that formal sentence structure placed greater restrictions on closed-class words than it did on open-class words. However, unlike the open-class results, the impact of sentence context on closed-class words was stable across word positions, suggesting that these syntactic constraints were applied only locally. A second ERP component, distinct from the N400, was elicited primarily by congruent closed-class words. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The constraints imposed by formal sentence structure alone did not reduce the amplitude of the N400 component elicited by open-class words, whereas semantic constraints did. Semantic constraints also eliminated the word-frequency effect of a larger N400 for low-frequency words. Responses to closed-class words exhibited reduced N400 amplitudes in syntactic and congruent sentences, indicating that formal sentence structure placed greater restrictions on closed-class words than it did on open-class words. However, unlike the open-class results, the impact of sentence context on closed-class words was stable across word positions, suggesting that these syntactic constraints were applied only locally. A second ERP component, distinct from the N400, was elicited primarily by congruent closed-class words.Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The constraints imposed by formal sentence structure alone did not reduce the amplitude of the N400 component elicited by open-class words, whereas semantic constraints did. Semantic constraints also eliminated the word-frequency effect of a larger N400 for low-frequency words. Responses to closed-class words exhibited reduced N400 amplitudes in syntactic and congruent sentences, indicating that formal sentence structure placed greater restrictions on closed-class words than it did on open-class words. However, unlike the open-class results, the impact of sentence context on closed-class words was stable across word positions, suggesting that these syntactic constraints were applied only locally. A second ERP component, distinct from the N400, was elicited primarily by congruent closed-class words.
Author	Van Petten, Cyma Kutas, Marta
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Keywords	Context Stimulus frequency Congruence Word Response amplitude Central nervous system Electrophysiology Visual evoked potential Cognition Electroencephalography Reading Language Semantics Syntax Sentence
Language	English
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PublicationDate	1991-1-00 1991 1991-Jan 19910101
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PublicationPlace	Austin, TX
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PublicationTitle	Memory & cognition
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Publisher	Psychonomic Society Springer Nature B.V
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Snippet	Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as subjects read semantically meaningful, syntactically legal but nonsensical and random word strings. The... The influences & constraints of formal sentence structure & semantics on event-related potentials (ERPs) in open (content) & closed (function) class words are...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Anatomical correlates of behavior Arousal - physiology Attention - physiology Behavioral psychophysiology Biological and medical sciences Cerebral Cortex - physiology Cognition & reasoning Error Analysis Evoked Potentials, Visual - physiology Female Function Word Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Language Male Memory Psychology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Reading Semantics Sentence Social research Syntax Verbal Learning - physiology Word
Title	Influences of semantic and syntactic context on open- and closed-class words
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