Pervasive Neglect of Sex Differences in Biomedical Research

• Published in: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology Vol. 14; no. 4; p. a039156
• Main Authors: Zucker, Irving, Prendergast, Brian J., Beery, Annaliese K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 17.05.2022
• Subjects: Animals; Biomedical Research - methods; Clinical trials; Dosage; Female; Females; Gender aspects; Gender differences; Humans; Male; Medical research; Mice; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Pharmacokinetics; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Sex differences; Side effects; United States; Women; United States

Females have long been underrepresented in preclinical research and clinical drug trials. Directives by the U.S. National Institutes of Health have increased female participation in research protocols, although analysis of outcomes by sex remains infrequent. The long-held view that traits of female...