Impedance Characterization and Modeling of Gold, Silver, and PEDOT:PSS Ultra-Thin Tattoo Electrodes for Wearable Bioelectronics

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 15; p. 4568
• Main Authors: Mascia, Antonello, Collu, Riccardo, Makni, Nasreddine, Concas, Mattia, Barbaro, Massimo, Cosseddu, Piero
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 23.07.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Biosensing Techniques; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic - chemistry; Chemical vapor deposition; Circuits; Electric Impedance; Electrodes; epidermal electronics; Gold - chemistry; Humans; Machine learning; modeling; Parameter estimation; PEDOT:PSS; Physiology; Polymers - chemistry; Polystyrenes - chemistry; Polyvinyl alcohol; Silver - chemistry; Skin; skin–electrode impedance; Spectrum analysis; tattoo electrodes; Tattooing; Tattoos; Wearable Electronic Devices; United States > US; epidermal electronics; modeling; skin–electrode impedance; tattoo electrodes; PEDOT:PSS

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation and an equivalent circuit modeling of the skin–electrode impedance characteristics of three types of ultra-thin tattoo electrodes, all based on Parylene C nanofilms but with different active materials: Gold, Silver, and PEDOT:PSS. Their performance was...