[Paper] Robust Recognition of Imperceptible QR Codes in Videos with a Dual-Camera Smartphone
Screen-camera communication enables instantaneous retrieval of on-screen information. Imperceptible screen-camera communication, embedding data in videos unnoticeably, holds great promise as it does not interfere with the viewing experience. The imperceptible color vibration method achieves this by...
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| Published in | ITE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 166 - 178 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers
2025
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| Abstract | Screen-camera communication enables instantaneous retrieval of on-screen information. Imperceptible screen-camera communication, embedding data in videos unnoticeably, holds great promise as it does not interfere with the viewing experience. The imperceptible color vibration method achieves this by alternately displaying two colors with the same luminance for each pixel. However, decoding performance may deteriorate due to interframe differences in the original video content. To address this, we propose a novel decoding approach using a dual-camera smartphone to capture two images with different modulation values simultaneously. This method allows for computing color differences between temporally close images, reducing artifacts from temporal changes in the original content. Our experimental results demonstrate an improved decoding rate and decreased recognition time compared to the previous method. |
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| AbstractList | Screen-camera communication enables instantaneous retrieval of on-screen information. Imperceptible screen-camera communication, embedding data in videos unnoticeably, holds great promise as it does not interfere with the viewing experience. The imperceptible color vibration method achieves this by alternately displaying two colors with the same luminance for each pixel. However, decoding performance may deteriorate due to interframe differences in the original video content. To address this, we propose a novel decoding approach using a dual-camera smartphone to capture two images with different modulation values simultaneously. This method allows for computing color differences between temporally close images, reducing artifacts from temporal changes in the original content. Our experimental results demonstrate an improved decoding rate and decreased recognition time compared to the previous method. |
| Author | Araki, Kota Naemura, Takeshi Han, Changyo Fukushima, Shogo Kakui, Yuki |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1145/2307636.2307645 10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076 10.1109/TCSVT.2017.2741472 10.1587/transinf.2016PCP0015 10.1109/TIP.2018.2865681 10.1109/ICDCS.2015.61 10.1109/TCSVT.2021.3106711 10.1145/3418214 10.1038/nn1879 10.1145/2508363.2508408 10.3169/mta.8.170 10.1145/2670518.2673867 10.1109/TMC.2019.2956493 10.1109/COMST.2015.2476474 10.1108/EUM0000000004265 10.1109/INFOCOM.2016.7524512 10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737627 10.1109/WACV.2012.6162992 10.1152/physrev.1952.32.3.349 10.1145/2742647.2742652 10.1109/TIP.2016.2573592 10.1109/ISMAR.2012.6402539 10.1145/3526114.3558672 10.1145/2971648.2971733 |
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Naemura : “Using a dual-camera smartphone to recognize imperceptible 2d barcodes embedded in videos”, In Adjunct Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology UIST '22 Adjunct pp. 1-3 (2022 20) A. Wang, Z. Li, C. Peng, G. Shen, G. Fang, and B. Zeng : “InFrame++: Achieve simultaneous screen-human viewing and hidden screen-camera communication”, In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services pp. 181-195 (2015 27) H. Cui, H. Bian, W. Zhang, and N. Yu : “UnseenCode: Invisible on-screen barcode with image-based extraction”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2019-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1315-1323 (2019 29) Johannes Kiess :, “Test sequences” (2011 23) Y. Jiang, K. Zhou, and S. He : “Human visual cortex responds to invisible chromatic flicker”, Nature neuroscience 10(5):657-662 (2007 11) C. Chen, W. Huang, B. Zhou, C. Liu, and W. H. Mow : “PiCode: A new picture-embedding 2D barcode”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 25(8):3444-3458 (2016 22) Kai Zhang, Yi Zhao, Chenshu Wu, Chaofan Yang, Kehong Huang, Chunyi Peng, Yunhao Liu, and Zheng Yang : “Chroma-code: A fully imperceptible screen-camera communication system”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 20(3):861-876 (2021 24) G. Woo, A. Lippman, and R. Raskar : “VRCodes: Unobtrusive and active visual codes for interaction by exploiting rolling shutter”, In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) pp. 59-64 (2012 1) P. H. Pathak, X. Feng, P. Hu, and P. Mohapatra : “Visible light communication, networking, and sensing: A survey, potential and challenges”, IEEE communications surveys & tutorials 17(4):2047-2077 (2015 19) A. Wang, C. Peng, O. Zhang, G. Shen, and B. Zeng : “Inframe: Multiflexing full-frame visible communication channel for humans and devices”, In proceedings of the 13th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks pp. 1-7 (2014 21) V. Nguyen, Y. Tang, A. Ashok, M. Gruteser, K. Dana, W. Hu, E. Wengrowski, and N. Mandayam : “High-rate flicker-free screen-camera communication with spatially adaptive embedding”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1-9 (2016 17) M. Izz, Z. Li, H. Liu, Y. Chen, and F. Li : “Uber-in-light: Unobtrusive visible light communication leveraging complementary color channel”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1-9 (2016 25) G. Yamamoto, L. Sampaio, T. Taketomi, C. Sandor, H. Kato, and T. Kuroda : “Imperceptible on-screen markers for mobile interaction on public large displays”, IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems 100(9):2027-2036 (2017 6) T. Hao, R. Zhou, and G. Xing : “COBRA: Color barcode streaming for smartphone systems”, In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services pp. 85-98 (2012 7) Q. Wang, M. Zhou, K. Ren, T. Lei, J. Li, and Z. Wang : “Rain bar: Robust application-driven visual communication using color barcodes”, In 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems pp. 537-546 (2015 9) H. K. Chu, C. S. Chang, R. R. Lee, and N. J. Mitra : “Halftone QR codes”, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 32(6):1-8 (2013 14) Z. Yang, Y. Bao, C. Luo, X. Zhao, S. Zhu, C. Peng, Y. Liu, and X. Wang : “ARTcode: preserve art and code in any image”, In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing pp. 904-915 (2016 5) C. Plain-Jones : “Data Matrix identification”, Sensor Review (1995 28) N. Otsu : “A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 9(1):62-66 (1979 8) Hao Han, Kunming Xie, Tongyu Wang, Xiaojun Zhu, Yanchao Zhao, and Fengyuan Xu : “Rescqr: Enabling reliable data recovery in screen-camera communication system”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing pp. 1-13 (2023 26) J. Klein, J. Xu, C. Brauers, J. Jochims, and R. Kays : “Investigations on temporal sampling and patternless frame recovery for asynchronous display-camera communication”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 32(6):4004-4015 (2021 13) C. Chen, W. Huang, L. Zhang, and W. H. Mow : “Robust and unobtrusive display-to-camera communications via blue channel embedding”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 28(1):156-169 (2018 30) G. Bradski : “The OpenCV Library”, Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools (2000 3) S. Abe, T. Hiraki, S. Fukushima, and T. Naemura : “Imperceptible color vibration for screen-camera communication via 2D binary pattern”, ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications 8(3):170-185 (2020 10) M. Xu, Q. Li, J. Niu, H. Su, X. Liu, W. Xu, P. Lv, B. Zhou, and Y. Yang : “ART-UP: A novel method for generating scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes”, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) 17(1):1-23 (2021 18) E. Simonson and J. Brozek : “Flicker fusion frequency: background and applications”, Physiological reviews 32(3):349-378 (1952 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 11) C. Chen, W. Huang, B. Zhou, C. Liu, and W. H. Mow : “PiCode: A new picture-embedding 2D barcode”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 25(8):3444-3458 (2016) – reference: 23) Y. Jiang, K. Zhou, and S. He : “Human visual cortex responds to invisible chromatic flicker”, Nature neuroscience 10(5):657-662 (2007) – reference: 19) A. Wang, C. Peng, O. Zhang, G. Shen, and B. Zeng : “Inframe: Multiflexing full-frame visible communication channel for humans and devices”, In proceedings of the 13th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks pp. 1-7 (2014) – reference: 28) N. Otsu : “A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 9(1):62-66 (1979) – reference: 4) Y. Kakui, K. Araki, C. Han, S. Fukushima, and T. Naemura : “Using a dual-camera smartphone to recognize imperceptible 2d barcodes embedded in videos”, In Adjunct Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology UIST '22 Adjunct pp. 1-3 (2022) – reference: 14) Z. Yang, Y. Bao, C. Luo, X. Zhao, S. Zhu, C. Peng, Y. Liu, and X. Wang : “ARTcode: preserve art and code in any image”, In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing pp. 904-915 (2016) – reference: 24) G. Woo, A. Lippman, and R. Raskar : “VRCodes: Unobtrusive and active visual codes for interaction by exploiting rolling shutter”, In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) pp. 59-64 (2012) – reference: 3) S. Abe, T. Hiraki, S. Fukushima, and T. Naemura : “Imperceptible color vibration for screen-camera communication via 2D binary pattern”, ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications 8(3):170-185 (2020) – reference: 9) H. K. Chu, C. S. Chang, R. R. Lee, and N. J. Mitra : “Halftone QR codes”, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 32(6):1-8 (2013) – reference: 10) M. Xu, Q. Li, J. Niu, H. Su, X. Liu, W. Xu, P. Lv, B. Zhou, and Y. Yang : “ART-UP: A novel method for generating scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes”, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) 17(1):1-23 (2021) – reference: 2) International Organization for Standardization :, “Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — QR Code bar code symbology specification” (2015) – reference: 18) E. Simonson and J. Brozek : “Flicker fusion frequency: background and applications”, Physiological reviews 32(3):349-378 (1952) – reference: 17) M. Izz, Z. Li, H. Liu, Y. Chen, and F. Li : “Uber-in-light: Unobtrusive visible light communication leveraging complementary color channel”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1-9 (2016) – reference: 29) Johannes Kiess :, “Test sequences” (2011) – reference: 13) C. Chen, W. Huang, L. Zhang, and W. H. Mow : “Robust and unobtrusive display-to-camera communications via blue channel embedding”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 28(1):156-169 (2018) – reference: 25) G. Yamamoto, L. Sampaio, T. Taketomi, C. Sandor, H. Kato, and T. Kuroda : “Imperceptible on-screen markers for mobile interaction on public large displays”, IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems 100(9):2027-2036 (2017) – reference: 5) C. Plain-Jones : “Data Matrix identification”, Sensor Review (1995) – reference: 6) T. Hao, R. Zhou, and G. Xing : “COBRA: Color barcode streaming for smartphone systems”, In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services pp. 85-98 (2012) – reference: 27) H. Cui, H. Bian, W. Zhang, and N. Yu : “UnseenCode: Invisible on-screen barcode with image-based extraction”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2019-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1315-1323 (2019) – reference: 15) W. Yuan, K. Dana, A. Ashok, M. Gruteser, and N. Mandayam : “Dynamic and invisible messaging for visual MIMO”, In 2012 IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) pp. 345-352 (2012) – reference: 1) P. H. Pathak, X. Feng, P. Hu, and P. Mohapatra : “Visible light communication, networking, and sensing: A survey, potential and challenges”, IEEE communications surveys & tutorials 17(4):2047-2077 (2015) – reference: 7) Q. Wang, M. Zhou, K. Ren, T. Lei, J. Li, and Z. Wang : “Rain bar: Robust application-driven visual communication using color barcodes”, In 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems pp. 537-546 (2015) – reference: 30) G. Bradski : “The OpenCV Library”, Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools (2000) – reference: 8) Hao Han, Kunming Xie, Tongyu Wang, Xiaojun Zhu, Yanchao Zhao, and Fengyuan Xu : “Rescqr: Enabling reliable data recovery in screen-camera communication system”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing pp. 1-13 (2023) – reference: 26) J. Klein, J. Xu, C. Brauers, J. Jochims, and R. Kays : “Investigations on temporal sampling and patternless frame recovery for asynchronous display-camera communication”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 32(6):4004-4015 (2021) – reference: 16) T. Li, C. An, X. Xiao, A. T. Campbell, and X. Zhou : “Real-time screen-camera communication behind any scene”, In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services pp. 197-211 (2015) – reference: 20) A. Wang, Z. Li, C. Peng, G. Shen, G. Fang, and B. Zeng : “InFrame++: Achieve simultaneous screen-human viewing and hidden screen-camera communication”, In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services pp. 181-195 (2015) – reference: 22) Kai Zhang, Yi Zhao, Chenshu Wu, Chaofan Yang, Kehong Huang, Chunyi Peng, Yunhao Liu, and Zheng Yang : “Chroma-code: A fully imperceptible screen-camera communication system”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 20(3):861-876 (2021) – reference: 12) C. Chen, B. Zhou, and W. H. Mow : “RA code: A robust and aesthetic code for resolution-constrained applications”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 28(11):3300-3312 (2017) – reference: 21) V. Nguyen, Y. Tang, A. Ashok, M. Gruteser, K. Dana, W. Hu, E. Wengrowski, and N. Mandayam : “High-rate flicker-free screen-camera communication with spatially adaptive embedding”, In IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications pp. 1-9 (2016) – ident: 2 – ident: 6 doi: 10.1145/2307636.2307645 – ident: 28 doi: 10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2017.2741472 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1587/transinf.2016PCP0015 – ident: 13 doi: 10.1109/TIP.2018.2865681 – ident: 7 doi: 10.1109/ICDCS.2015.61 – ident: 16 – ident: 26 doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2021.3106711 – ident: 10 doi: 10.1145/3418214 – ident: 23 doi: 10.1038/nn1879 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1145/2508363.2508408 – ident: 17 – ident: 3 doi: 10.3169/mta.8.170 – ident: 19 doi: 10.1145/2670518.2673867 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1109/TMC.2019.2956493 – ident: 1 doi: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2476474 – ident: 5 doi: 10.1108/EUM0000000004265 – ident: 21 doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2016.7524512 – ident: 27 doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737627 – ident: 29 – ident: 30 – ident: 15 doi: 10.1109/WACV.2012.6162992 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1152/physrev.1952.32.3.349 – ident: 20 doi: 10.1145/2742647.2742652 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1109/TIP.2016.2573592 – ident: 8 – ident: 24 doi: 10.1109/ISMAR.2012.6402539 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1145/3526114.3558672 – ident: 14 doi: 10.1145/2971648.2971733 |
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| Title | [Paper] Robust Recognition of Imperceptible QR Codes in Videos with a Dual-Camera Smartphone |
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