Atmospheric loading corrections at the observation level in VLBI analysis
This paper investigates whether in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) analysis atmospheric loading corrections should be applied a priori at the observation level or whether it is sufficient to correct for atmospheric loading effects a posteriori by adding constant values per session to the es...
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Published in | Journal of geodesy Vol. 83; no. 11; pp. 1107 - 1113 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Springer-Verlag
01.11.2009
Springer Nature B.V |
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Abstract | This paper investigates whether in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) analysis atmospheric loading corrections should be applied a priori at the observation level or whether it is sufficient to correct for atmospheric loading effects a posteriori by adding constant values per session to the estimated station coordinates. Simulated observations at single stations corresponding to the precise point positioning approach of global navigation satellite systems show that the atmospheric loading effect can be fully recovered by a posteriori corrections, i.e., the height differences between both approaches stay well below 1 mm. However, real global VLBI network solutions with sessions from 1984 to 2008 reveal that the effect of neglected atmospheric loading corrections at the stations is distributed to the other stations in the network, thus resulting in station height differences between solutions with observation level and with a posteriori corrections which can be as large as 10 mm and a ‘damping’ effect of the corrections. As soon as the terrestrial reference frame and the corresponding coordinate time series are determined, it would be conceptually wrong to apply atmospheric loading corrections at the VLBI stations. We recommend the rigorous application of atmospheric loading corrections at the observation level to all stations of a VLBI network because the seven parameters for translation, rotation, and in particular the network-scale of VLBI networks are significantly affected. |
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AbstractList | This paper investigates whether in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) analysis atmospheric loading corrections should be applied a priori at the observation level or whether it is sufficient to correct for atmospheric loading effects a posteriori by adding constant values per session to the estimated station coordinates. Simulated observations at single stations corresponding to the precise point positioning approach of global navigation satellite systems show that the atmospheric loading effect can be fully recovered by a posteriori corrections, i.e., the height differences between both approaches stay well below 1 mm. However, real global VLBI network solutions with sessions from 1984 to 2008 reveal that the effect of neglected atmospheric loading corrections at the stations is distributed to the other stations in the network, thus resulting in station height differences between solutions with observation level and with a posteriori corrections which can be as large as 10 mm and a ‘damping’ effect of the corrections. As soon as the terrestrial reference frame and the corresponding coordinate time series are determined, it would be conceptually wrong to apply atmospheric loading corrections at the VLBI stations. We recommend the rigorous application of atmospheric loading corrections at the observation level to all stations of a VLBI network because the seven parameters for translation, rotation, and in particular the network-scale of VLBI networks are significantly affected. This paper investigates whether in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) analysis atmospheric loading corrections should be applied a priori at the observation level or whether it is sufficient to correct for atmospheric loading effects a posteriori by adding constant values per session to the estimated station coordinates. Simulated observations at single stations corresponding to the precise point positioning approach of global navigation satellite systems show that the atmospheric loading effect can be fully recovered by a posteriori corrections, i.e., the height differences between both approaches stay well below 1 mm. However, real global VLBI network solutions with sessions from 1984 to 2008 reveal that the effect of neglected atmospheric loading corrections at the stations is distributed to the other stations in the network, thus resulting in station height differences between solutions with observation level and with a posteriori corrections which can be as large as 10 mm and a 'damping' effect of the corrections. As soon as the terrestrial reference frame and the corresponding coordinate time series are determined, it would be conceptually wrong to apply atmospheric loading corrections at the VLBI stations. We recommend the rigorous application of atmospheric loading corrections at the observation level to all stations of a VLBI network because the seven parameters for translation, rotation, and in particular the network-scale of VLBI networks are significantly affected. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] This paper investigates whether in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) analysis atmospheric loading corrections should be applied a priori at the observation level or whether it is sufficient to correct for atmospheric loading effects a posteriori by adding constant values per session to the estimated station coordinates. Simulated observations at single stations corresponding to the precise point positioning approach of global navigation satellite systems show that the atmospheric loading effect can be fully recovered by a posteriori corrections, i.e., the height differences between both approaches stay well below 1mm. However, real global VLBI network solutions with sessions from 1984 to 2008 reveal that the effect of neglected atmospheric loading corrections at the stations is distributed to the other stations in the network, thus resulting in station height differences between solutions with observation level and with a posteriori corrections which can be as large as 10mm and a 'damping' effect of the corrections. As soon as the terrestrial reference frame and the corresponding coordinate time series are determined, it would be conceptually wrong to apply atmospheric loading corrections at the VLBI stations. We recommend the rigorous application of atmospheric loading corrections at the observation level to all stations of a VLBI network because the seven parameters for translation, rotation, and in particular the network-scale of VLBI networks are significantly affected. |
Author | Pany, Andrea Boehm, Johannes Heinkelmann, Robert Schuh, Harald Mendes Cerveira, Paulo Jorge |
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Cites_doi | 10.1029/94JB02122 10.1029/JB092iB02p01281 10.1007/s00190-006-0131-z 10.1029/2003JB002500 10.1029/2005GL024104 10.1029/94JB01190 10.1029/2005JB003629 10.1029/2007JB004949 10.1007/s00190-007-0147-z 10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_17 10.1007/s00190-009-0311-8 |
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Keywords | Terrestrial reference frame VLBI Atmospheric loading |
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References | Altamimi, Collilieux, Legrand, Garayt, Boucher (CR1) 2007; 112 CR6 CR5 Boehm, Werl, Schuh (CR2) 2006; 111 CR8 CR7 Rabbel, Zschau (CR12) 1985; 56 CR18 CR17 CR9 CR16 CR14 Van Dam, Wahr (CR20) 1987; 92 CR13 Rabbel, Schuh (CR11) 1986; 59 Van Dam, Blewitt, Heflin (CR21) 1994; 99 Heinkelmann, Boehm, Schuh, Bolotin, Engelhardt, MacMillan, Negusini, Skurikhina, Tesmer, Titov (CR3) 2007; 8 Tregoning, Van Dam (CR19) 2005; 32 MacMillan, Gipson (CR4) 1994; 99 Petrov, Boy (CR10) 2004; 109 Schlüter, Behrend (CR15) 2007; 81 P Tregoning (329_CR19) 2005; 32 329_CR13 329_CR14 329_CR17 329_CR18 329_CR16 W Rabbel (329_CR11) 1986; 59 W Schlüter (329_CR15) 2007; 81 T Van Dam (329_CR20) 1987; 92 R Heinkelmann (329_CR3) 2007; 8 L Petrov (329_CR10) 2004; 109 W Rabbel (329_CR12) 1985; 56 Z Altamimi (329_CR1) 2007; 112 J Boehm (329_CR2) 2006; 111 D MacMillan (329_CR4) 1994; 99 329_CR9 329_CR8 329_CR7 329_CR6 T Van Dam (329_CR21) 1994; 99 329_CR5 |
References_xml | – volume: 99 start-page: 23939 issue: B12 year: 1994 end-page: 23950 ident: CR21 article-title: Atmospheric pressure loading effects on global positioning system coordinate determinations publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/94JB02122 contributor: fullname: Heflin – ident: CR18 – volume: 92 start-page: 1281 issue: B2 year: 1987 end-page: 1286 ident: CR20 article-title: Displacements of the Earth’s surface due to atmospheric loading: effects on gravity and baseline measurements publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/JB092iB02p01281 contributor: fullname: Wahr – volume: 59 start-page: 164 year: 1986 end-page: 170 ident: CR11 article-title: The influence of atmospheric loading on VLBI-experiments publication-title: J Geophys contributor: fullname: Schuh – ident: CR14 – volume: 81 start-page: 379 issue: 6–8 year: 2007 end-page: 387 ident: CR15 article-title: The international VLBI service for geodesy and astrometry (IVS): current capabilities and future prospects publication-title: J Geod doi: 10.1007/s00190-006-0131-z contributor: fullname: Behrend – volume: 109 start-page: B03405 year: 2004 ident: CR10 article-title: Study of the atmospheric pressure loading signal in very long baseline interferometry observations publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2003JB002500 contributor: fullname: Boy – ident: CR16 – ident: CR17 – ident: CR13 – volume: 32 start-page: L22310 year: 2005 ident: CR19 article-title: Atmospheric pressure loading corrections applied to GPS data at the observation level publication-title: Geophys Res Lett doi: 10.1029/2005GL024104 contributor: fullname: Van Dam – volume: 99 start-page: 18081 issue: B9 year: 1994 end-page: 18087 ident: CR4 article-title: Atmospheric pressure loading parameters from very long baseline interferometry observations publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/94JB01190 contributor: fullname: Gipson – ident: CR9 – ident: CR6 – ident: CR5 – volume: 56 start-page: 81 year: 1985 end-page: 99 ident: CR12 article-title: Static deformations and gravity changes at the earth’s surface due to atmospheric loading publication-title: J Geophys contributor: fullname: Zschau – ident: CR7 – ident: CR8 – volume: 111 start-page: B02406 year: 2006 ident: CR2 article-title: Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European centre for medium-range weather forecasts operational analysis data publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2005JB003629 contributor: fullname: Schuh – volume: 112 start-page: B09401 year: 2007 ident: CR1 article-title: ITRF2005: a new release of the international terrestrial reference frame based on time series of station positions and Earth orientation parameters publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2007JB004949 contributor: fullname: Boucher – volume: 8 start-page: 483 issue: 6–8 year: 2007 end-page: 501 ident: CR3 article-title: Combination of long time-series of troposphere zenith delays observed by VLBI publication-title: J Geod doi: 10.1007/s00190-007-0147-z contributor: fullname: Titov – ident: 329_CR13 – ident: 329_CR17 – ident: 329_CR18 – volume: 92 start-page: 1281 issue: B2 year: 1987 ident: 329_CR20 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/JB092iB02p01281 contributor: fullname: T Van Dam – volume: 8 start-page: 483 issue: 6–8 year: 2007 ident: 329_CR3 publication-title: J Geod doi: 10.1007/s00190-007-0147-z contributor: fullname: R Heinkelmann – volume: 81 start-page: 379 issue: 6–8 year: 2007 ident: 329_CR15 publication-title: J Geod doi: 10.1007/s00190-006-0131-z contributor: fullname: W Schlüter – volume: 112 start-page: B09401 year: 2007 ident: 329_CR1 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2007JB004949 contributor: fullname: Z Altamimi – volume: 99 start-page: 23939 issue: B12 year: 1994 ident: 329_CR21 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/94JB02122 contributor: fullname: T Van Dam – volume: 59 start-page: 164 year: 1986 ident: 329_CR11 publication-title: J Geophys contributor: fullname: W Rabbel – volume: 32 start-page: L22310 year: 2005 ident: 329_CR19 publication-title: Geophys Res Lett doi: 10.1029/2005GL024104 contributor: fullname: P Tregoning – ident: 329_CR14 doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_17 – volume: 109 start-page: B03405 year: 2004 ident: 329_CR10 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2003JB002500 contributor: fullname: L Petrov – ident: 329_CR16 doi: 10.1007/s00190-009-0311-8 – ident: 329_CR8 – volume: 56 start-page: 81 year: 1985 ident: 329_CR12 publication-title: J Geophys contributor: fullname: W Rabbel – ident: 329_CR9 – ident: 329_CR6 – ident: 329_CR7 – ident: 329_CR5 – volume: 99 start-page: 18081 issue: B9 year: 1994 ident: 329_CR4 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/94JB01190 contributor: fullname: D MacMillan – volume: 111 start-page: B02406 year: 2006 ident: 329_CR2 publication-title: J Geophys Res doi: 10.1029/2005JB003629 contributor: fullname: J Boehm |
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SubjectTerms | Atmospheric models Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Error analysis Geodetics Geophysics/Geodesy Global positioning systems GPS Interferometry Measurement techniques Original Article Simulation |
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