EFFECTS OF TRAINING LOAD CHANGES ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE
ABSTRACT Introduction There is no previous study examining muscle damage responses from training load changes in individuals trained exclusively with repeated sprint exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training load changes on physical performance and exercise...
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Published in | Revista brasileira de medicina do esporte Vol. 25; no. 6; pp. 509 - 514 |
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Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte
01.12.2019
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Abstract | ABSTRACT Introduction There is no previous study examining muscle damage responses from training load changes in individuals trained exclusively with repeated sprint exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training load changes on physical performance and exercise-induced muscle damage in male college athletes who were trained using a 30m repeated sprint protocol. Methods Twelve participants completed the 6-week training period (three sessions/week), which consisted of progressively increasing intensity training in the first 5 weeks. On the first day of the training period, all sprints were performed at 70–80% of maximum effort. In the first session of the 5th week (Maximal intensity training; MIT), all sprints (10×30m sprints) were performed at maximal speed. The sets (10 sprints at maximal speed in each set) were repeated until exhaustion (Exhaustive training; ET) in the first training session of the 6th week, followed by two sessions of the normal training. Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, flexibility, serum creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol were measured periodically during the examination period. Results Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, and flexibility were significantly decreased following the ET, and did not recover during the following 9-day period, which consisted of two training sessions and 6 days of recovery. Cortisol was significantly elevated immediately after the ET but was not changed after training on first day and during MIT. CK was significantly elevated after training every week, but the increase at 24 hours after ET was significantly higher than after the first day and MIT. Conclusions Dramatically increasing the volume of maximal intensity repeated sprint exercise results in greater relative muscle damage even in trained individuals, which will significantly limit their performance. Further training sessions, even at normal intensity and volume with insufficient time for muscle recovery, may prolong the duration of fatigue. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
RESUMEN Introducción No existe ningún estudio anterior que haya analizado las respuestas a las lesiones musculares provenientes de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento en individuos entrenados exclusivamente con ejercicios repetitivos de carrera. Objetivos La propuesta de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento sobre el desempeño físico y las lesiones musculares inducidas por el ejercicio en atletas universitarios del sexo masculino que fueron entrenados usando un protocolo de sprint (entrenamiento de alta intensidad) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doce participantes concluyeron el período de entrenamiento de seis semanas (tres sesiones/semana), que consistió en aumentar progresivamente el entrenamiento de intensidad en las primeras cinco semanas. En el primer día del período de entrenamiento, todos los sprints fueron realizados con 70% a 80% del esfuerzo máximo. En la primera sesión de la 5ª semana (entrenamiento de intensidad máxima, EIM), todos los sprints (10 × 30 m) fueron realizados en la velocidad máxima. Las series (10 sprints en la velocidad máxima en cada serie) fueron repetidas hasta la extenuación (entrenamiento exhaustivo, EE) en la primera sesión de entrenamiento de la 6ª semana, seguidas de dos sesiones de entrenamiento normal. La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros, la flexibilidad, la creatina quinasa sérica (CK) y el cortisol fueron medidos periódicamente durante el período de entrenamiento. Resultados La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros y la flexibilidad disminuyeron significativamente después del EE y no fueron recuperados durante el período de 9 días siguientes, que consistió en dos sesiones de entrenamiento y seis días de recuperación. El cortisol tuvo elevación significativa inmediatamente después del EE, pero no tuvo alteración después del entrenamiento en el primer día y durante el EIM. La CK tuvo aumento significativo después del entrenamiento en cada semana, pero el aumento 24 horas después de EE fue expresivamente mayor que después del primer día y del EIM. Conclusiones El aumento drástico de la intensidad máxima del ejercicio de sprint repetido resulta en mayor daño muscular relativo, aún en individuos entrenados, lo que limitará sustancialmente su desempeño. Otras sesiones de entrenamiento, aún en intensidad y volumen normales, con tiempo insuficiente para recuperación muscular, pueden prolongar la duración de la fatiga. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios Diagnósticos – Investigación de examen diagnóstico.
RESUMO Introdução Não existe nenhum estudo anterior que tenha analisado as respostas às lesões musculares decorrentes das alterações da carga de treinamento em indivíduos treinados exclusivamente com exercícios repetitivos de corrida. Objetivos A proposta deste estudo foi examinar o efeito das alterações da carga de treinamento sobre o desempenho físico e as lesões musculares induzidas pelo exercício em atletas universitários do sexo masculino que foram treinados usando um protocolo de sprint (treinamento de alta intensidade) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doze participantes concluíram o período de treinamento de 6 semanas (três sessões/semana), que consistiu em aumentar progressivamente o treinamento de intensidade nas primeiras 5 semanas. No primeiro dia do período de treinamento, todos os sprints foram realizados com 70% a 80% do esforço máximo. Na primeira sessão da 5ª semana (treinamento de intensidade máxima, TIM), todos os sprints (10 × 30 m) foram realizados na velocidade máxima. As séries (10 sprints na velocidade máxima em cada série) foram repetidas até a exaustão (treinamento exaustivo, TE) na primeira sessão de treinamento da 6ª semana, seguidas de duas sessões de treinamento normal. A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros, a flexibilidade, a creatina quinase sérica (CK) e o cortisol foram medidos periodicamente durante o período de treinamento. Resultados A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros e a flexibilidade diminuíram significativamente depois do TE e não foram recuperados durante o período de 9 dias seguintes, que consistiu em duas sessões de treinamento e 6 dias de recuperação. O cortisol teve elevação significativa imediatamente após o TE, mas não teve alteração depois do treinamento no primeiro dia e durante o TIM. A CK teve aumento significativo depois do treinamento em cada semana, mas o aumento 24 horas depois de TE foi expressivamente maior do que depois do primeiro dia e do TIM. Conclusões O aumento drástico da intensidade máxima do exercício de sprint repetido resulta em maior dano muscular relativo, mesmo em indivíduos treinados, o que limitará substancialmente seu desempenho. Outras sessões de treinamento, mesmo em intensidade e volume normais, com tempo insuficiente para recuperação muscular, podem prolongar a duração da fadiga. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Diagnósticos – Investigação de exame diagnóstico. |
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AbstractList | ABSTRACT Introduction There is no previous study examining muscle damage responses from training load changes in individuals trained exclusively with repeated sprint exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training load changes on physical performance and exercise-induced muscle damage in male college athletes who were trained using a 30m repeated sprint protocol. Methods Twelve participants completed the 6-week training period (three sessions/week), which consisted of progressively increasing intensity training in the first 5 weeks. On the first day of the training period, all sprints were performed at 70–80% of maximum effort. In the first session of the 5th week (Maximal intensity training; MIT), all sprints (10×30m sprints) were performed at maximal speed. The sets (10 sprints at maximal speed in each set) were repeated until exhaustion (Exhaustive training; ET) in the first training session of the 6th week, followed by two sessions of the normal training. Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, flexibility, serum creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol were measured periodically during the examination period. Results Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, and flexibility were significantly decreased following the ET, and did not recover during the following 9-day period, which consisted of two training sessions and 6 days of recovery. Cortisol was significantly elevated immediately after the ET but was not changed after training on first day and during MIT. CK was significantly elevated after training every week, but the increase at 24 hours after ET was significantly higher than after the first day and MIT. Conclusions Dramatically increasing the volume of maximal intensity repeated sprint exercise results in greater relative muscle damage even in trained individuals, which will significantly limit their performance. Further training sessions, even at normal intensity and volume with insufficient time for muscle recovery, may prolong the duration of fatigue. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test. ABSTRACT Introduction There is no previous study examining muscle damage responses from training load changes in individuals trained exclusively with repeated sprint exercise. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training load changes on physical performance and exercise-induced muscle damage in male college athletes who were trained using a 30m repeated sprint protocol. Methods Twelve participants completed the 6-week training period (three sessions/week), which consisted of progressively increasing intensity training in the first 5 weeks. On the first day of the training period, all sprints were performed at 70–80% of maximum effort. In the first session of the 5th week (Maximal intensity training; MIT), all sprints (10×30m sprints) were performed at maximal speed. The sets (10 sprints at maximal speed in each set) were repeated until exhaustion (Exhaustive training; ET) in the first training session of the 6th week, followed by two sessions of the normal training. Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, flexibility, serum creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol were measured periodically during the examination period. Results Isometric strength, 30m sprint performance, and flexibility were significantly decreased following the ET, and did not recover during the following 9-day period, which consisted of two training sessions and 6 days of recovery. Cortisol was significantly elevated immediately after the ET but was not changed after training on first day and during MIT. CK was significantly elevated after training every week, but the increase at 24 hours after ET was significantly higher than after the first day and MIT. Conclusions Dramatically increasing the volume of maximal intensity repeated sprint exercise results in greater relative muscle damage even in trained individuals, which will significantly limit their performance. Further training sessions, even at normal intensity and volume with insufficient time for muscle recovery, may prolong the duration of fatigue. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test. RESUMEN Introducción No existe ningún estudio anterior que haya analizado las respuestas a las lesiones musculares provenientes de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento en individuos entrenados exclusivamente con ejercicios repetitivos de carrera. Objetivos La propuesta de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de las alteraciones de la carga de entrenamiento sobre el desempeño físico y las lesiones musculares inducidas por el ejercicio en atletas universitarios del sexo masculino que fueron entrenados usando un protocolo de sprint (entrenamiento de alta intensidad) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doce participantes concluyeron el período de entrenamiento de seis semanas (tres sesiones/semana), que consistió en aumentar progresivamente el entrenamiento de intensidad en las primeras cinco semanas. En el primer día del período de entrenamiento, todos los sprints fueron realizados con 70% a 80% del esfuerzo máximo. En la primera sesión de la 5ª semana (entrenamiento de intensidad máxima, EIM), todos los sprints (10 × 30 m) fueron realizados en la velocidad máxima. Las series (10 sprints en la velocidad máxima en cada serie) fueron repetidas hasta la extenuación (entrenamiento exhaustivo, EE) en la primera sesión de entrenamiento de la 6ª semana, seguidas de dos sesiones de entrenamiento normal. La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros, la flexibilidad, la creatina quinasa sérica (CK) y el cortisol fueron medidos periódicamente durante el período de entrenamiento. Resultados La fuerza isométrica, el desempeño en el sprint de 30 metros y la flexibilidad disminuyeron significativamente después del EE y no fueron recuperados durante el período de 9 días siguientes, que consistió en dos sesiones de entrenamiento y seis días de recuperación. El cortisol tuvo elevación significativa inmediatamente después del EE, pero no tuvo alteración después del entrenamiento en el primer día y durante el EIM. La CK tuvo aumento significativo después del entrenamiento en cada semana, pero el aumento 24 horas después de EE fue expresivamente mayor que después del primer día y del EIM. Conclusiones El aumento drástico de la intensidad máxima del ejercicio de sprint repetido resulta en mayor daño muscular relativo, aún en individuos entrenados, lo que limitará sustancialmente su desempeño. Otras sesiones de entrenamiento, aún en intensidad y volumen normales, con tiempo insuficiente para recuperación muscular, pueden prolongar la duración de la fatiga. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios Diagnósticos – Investigación de examen diagnóstico. RESUMO Introdução Não existe nenhum estudo anterior que tenha analisado as respostas às lesões musculares decorrentes das alterações da carga de treinamento em indivíduos treinados exclusivamente com exercícios repetitivos de corrida. Objetivos A proposta deste estudo foi examinar o efeito das alterações da carga de treinamento sobre o desempenho físico e as lesões musculares induzidas pelo exercício em atletas universitários do sexo masculino que foram treinados usando um protocolo de sprint (treinamento de alta intensidade) de 30 metros repetido. Métodos Doze participantes concluíram o período de treinamento de 6 semanas (três sessões/semana), que consistiu em aumentar progressivamente o treinamento de intensidade nas primeiras 5 semanas. No primeiro dia do período de treinamento, todos os sprints foram realizados com 70% a 80% do esforço máximo. Na primeira sessão da 5ª semana (treinamento de intensidade máxima, TIM), todos os sprints (10 × 30 m) foram realizados na velocidade máxima. As séries (10 sprints na velocidade máxima em cada série) foram repetidas até a exaustão (treinamento exaustivo, TE) na primeira sessão de treinamento da 6ª semana, seguidas de duas sessões de treinamento normal. A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros, a flexibilidade, a creatina quinase sérica (CK) e o cortisol foram medidos periodicamente durante o período de treinamento. Resultados A força isométrica, o desempenho no sprint de 30 metros e a flexibilidade diminuíram significativamente depois do TE e não foram recuperados durante o período de 9 dias seguintes, que consistiu em duas sessões de treinamento e 6 dias de recuperação. O cortisol teve elevação significativa imediatamente após o TE, mas não teve alteração depois do treinamento no primeiro dia e durante o TIM. A CK teve aumento significativo depois do treinamento em cada semana, mas o aumento 24 horas depois de TE foi expressivamente maior do que depois do primeiro dia e do TIM. Conclusões O aumento drástico da intensidade máxima do exercício de sprint repetido resulta em maior dano muscular relativo, mesmo em indivíduos treinados, o que limitará substancialmente seu desempenho. Outras sessões de treinamento, mesmo em intensidade e volume normais, com tempo insuficiente para recuperação muscular, podem prolongar a duração da fadiga. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Diagnósticos – Investigação de exame diagnóstico. |
Author | Özgünen, Kerem Kurdak, Sadi Özdemir, Çiğdem Aslankeser, Zübeyde Eryılmaz, Selcen Korkmaz |
AuthorAffiliation | Çukurova University Selçuk University |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Selçuk University – name: Çukurova University |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Selcen Korkmaz orcidid: 0000-0002-3680-3580 surname: Eryılmaz fullname: Eryılmaz, Selcen Korkmaz organization: Çukurova University, Turkey – sequence: 2 givenname: Zübeyde orcidid: 0000-0003-1850-7048 surname: Aslankeser fullname: Aslankeser, Zübeyde organization: Selçuk University, Turkey – sequence: 3 givenname: Çiğdem orcidid: 0000-0003-3360-8541 surname: Özdemir fullname: Özdemir, Çiğdem organization: Çukurova University, Turkey – sequence: 4 givenname: Kerem orcidid: 0000-0002-6840-6299 surname: Özgünen fullname: Özgünen, Kerem organization: Çukurova University, Turkey – sequence: 5 givenname: Sadi orcidid: 0000-0002-0797-046X surname: Kurdak fullname: Kurdak, Sadi organization: Çukurova University, Turkey |
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Keywords | Muscle strength Creatine kinase Creatina Quinasa Cortisol Creatina Quinase Flexibility Flexibilidade Fadiga Muscular Fatiga Muscular Sprint interval training Força Muscular Treinamento Intervalado de Arranque Flexibilidad Muscle Fatigue Fuerza Muscular Entrenamiento por Intervalos de Sprint |
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Tremblay, I – volume: 6 start-page: 7 issue: 1 year: 1992 end-page: 11 article-title: A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and the modified sit-and-reach test in the measurement of flexibility for males publication-title: J Appl Sport Sci Res contributor: fullname: Hopkins, DR; Hoeger, WWK – volume: 99 start-page: 313 issue: 3 year: 2007 end-page: 324 article-title: Monitoring for overreaching in rugby league players publication-title: Eur J Appl Physiol contributor: fullname: Coutts, AJ; Reaburn, P; Rowsell, GJ – volume: 57 start-page: 360 issue: 3 year: 1988 end-page: 368 article-title: Sublethal muscle fibre injuries after high-tension anaerobic exercise publication-title: Eur J Appl Physiol contributor: fullname: Fridén, J; Seger, J; Ekblom, B – volume: 40 start-page: 403 issue: 5 year: 1980 end-page: 409 article-title: Plasma cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone and luteinizing hormone in running exercise of different intensities publication-title: Scand J Clin Lab Invest contributor: fullname: Kuoppasalmi, K; Naveri, H; Harkonen, M; Adlercreutz, H – volume: 26 start-page: 267 issue: 4 year: 1992 end-page: 272 article-title: Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise publication-title: Br J Sports Med contributor: fullname: Cleak, MJ; Eston, RG – volume: 29 start-page: 2802 issue: 10 year: 2015 end-page: 2807 article-title: Muscle damage response in female collegiate athletes after repeated sprint activity publication-title: J Strength Cond Res contributor: fullname: Keane, KM; Salicki, R; Goodall, S; Thomas, K; Howatson, G – volume: 40 start-page: 718 year: 2008 end-page: 721 article-title: Impact of prolonged physical training on the pituitary glucocorticoid sensitivity determined by very low dose intravenous dexamethasone suppression test publication-title: Horm Metab Res contributor: fullname: Silva, TS; Longui, CA; Faria, CDC; Rocha, MN; Melo, MR; Faria, TG – volume: 27 start-page: 43 issue: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 59 article-title: Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction induced injury publication-title: Sports Med contributor: fullname: Warren, GL; Lowe, DA; Armstrong, RB – volume: 17 start-page: 387 issue: 5 year: 1999 end-page: 395 article-title: Muscular soreness following prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running publication-title: J Sports Sciences contributor: fullname: Thompson, D; Nicholas, CW; Williams, C – volume: 34 start-page: 49 issue: 1 year: 2004 end-page: 69 article-title: Neuromuscular function following exercise-induced muscle damage: theoretical and applied implications publication-title: Sports Med contributor: fullname: Byrne, C; Twist, C; Eston, RG – volume: 28 start-page: 116 issue: 2 year: 2007 end-page: 124 article-title: Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players publication-title: Int J Sports Med contributor: fullname: Coutts, AJ; Reaburn, P; Piva, TJ; Murphy, A – volume: 23 start-page: 2419 issue: 8 year: 2009 end-page: 2424 article-title: Exercise-induced muscle damage following a bout of sport specific repeated sprints publication-title: J Strength Cond Res contributor: fullname: Howatson, G; Milak, A – volume: 40 start-page: 40 issue: 1 year: 2006 end-page: 41 article-title: Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level publication-title: Br J Sports Med contributor: fullname: Askling, C; Saartok, T; Thorstensson, A – volume: 24 start-page: 1075 issue: 10 year: 2006 end-page: 1082 article-title: Hormonal and psychological adaptation in elite male rowers during prolonged training publication-title: J Sports Sciences contributor: fullname: Purge, P; Jürimäe, T; Jürimäe, J – volume: 13 start-page: 118 issue: 3 year: 1991 end-page: 125 article-title: Comparison of isokinetic strength and flexibility measures between hamstring injured and noninjured athletes publication-title: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther contributor: fullname: Worrell, TW; Perrin, DH; Cansneder, B; Cieck, I – volume: 61 start-page: 1337 issue: 4 year: 1986 end-page: 1339 article-title: Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to brief high-intensity exercise in humans publication-title: J Appl Physiol contributor: fullname: Buono, MJ; Yeager, JE; Hodgon, JA – volume: 316 start-page: 1309 issue: 21 year: 1987 end-page: 1315 article-title: Acute hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise. Physiologic adaptations to physical training publication-title: N Engl J Med contributor: fullname: Luger, A; Deuster, PA; Kyle, SB; Gallucci, WT; Montgomery, LC; Gold, PW – volume: 35 start-page: 1025 issue: 12 year: 2005 end-page: 1044 article-title: Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated sprint activities: specific to field based team sports publication-title: Sports Med contributor: fullname: Spencer, M; Bishop, D; Dawson, DB; Goodman, C – volume: 35 start-page: 854 issue: 5 year: 2003 end-page: 861 article-title: Immunological responses to overreaching in cyclists publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc contributor: fullname: Halson, SL; Lancaster, G; Jeukendrup, AE; Gleeson, M – volume: 35 start-page: 339 issue: 4 year: 2005 end-page: 361 article-title: Hormonal Responses and Adaptations to Resistance Exercise and Training publication-title: Sports Med contributor: fullname: Kraemer, WJ; Ratamess, NA |
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Title | EFFECTS OF TRAINING LOAD CHANGES ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE |
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