A comprehensive review on electrochemical green ammonia synthesis: From conventional to distinctive strategies for efficient nitrogen fixation

Ammonia (NH3) is an excellent transition fuel of green hydrogen and a future contender in the energy market. However, industrial NH3 production currently depends on the unsustainable and energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Hence, developing a viable and efficient method to produce NH3 economically...

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Published inApplied energy Vol. 352; p. 121960
Main Authors Santhosh, C.R., Sankannavar, Ravi
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 15.12.2023
Subjects
ammonia
carbon
electrochemistry
electrolysis
energy
Energy conversion and storage
fuels
Green energy
Haber–Bosch process
hydrogen
lithium
markets
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen reduction reaction
Renewable energy
renewable energy sources
Zero-carbon ammonia
Green energy
Zero-carbon ammonia
Energy conversion and storage
Haber–Bosch process
Renewable energy
Nitrogen reduction reaction
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Abstract Ammonia (NH3) is an excellent transition fuel of green hydrogen and a future contender in the energy market. However, industrial NH3 production currently depends on the unsustainable and energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Hence, developing a viable and efficient method to produce NH3 economically has become a new challenge for researchers as its demand surges with each passing decade. Ammonia production from renewable energy sources can power the globe without emitting carbon. The electrochemical method of NH3 has emerged as an appealing strategy for sustainable NH3 production under mild conditions. However, this approach presents several challenges related to activating the highly stable N≡N bond, choice of electrolytes, proton source, etc. This study explores electrochemical methods with distinctive approaches that have been reported, which include redox-mediated processes, lithium cycling electrification, integrated plasma technology, phosphonium proton shuttling, and more. A comprehensive analysis of the underlying principles, experimental parameters, challenges, and potential applications are discussed for each method. It also assesses the recent electrocatalyst advancements employed for effective N2 fixation and their corresponding electrocatalytic performance. Finally, it emphasises the ongoing research efforts to overcome barriers and enable the widespread adoption of renewable grid energy systems for powering N2 gas electrolysis in green NH3 production. [Display omitted] •Ammonia can be used as a potential carbon-free energy carrier and non-fossil fuel.•Industrial ammonia production using Haber process is energy-intensive and emits CO2•Green ammonia can be produced via electrochemical route powered by renewable energy.•eNRR is less competitive with Haber process due to its higher N2 activation energy.•Producing NH3 by coupling eNRR with water electrolysis contributes to green economy.
AbstractList Ammonia (NH3) is an excellent transition fuel of green hydrogen and a future contender in the energy market. However, industrial NH3 production currently depends on the unsustainable and energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Hence, developing a viable and efficient method to produce NH3 economically has become a new challenge for researchers as its demand surges with each passing decade. Ammonia production from renewable energy sources can power the globe without emitting carbon. The electrochemical method of NH3 has emerged as an appealing strategy for sustainable NH3 production under mild conditions. However, this approach presents several challenges related to activating the highly stable N≡N bond, choice of electrolytes, proton source, etc. This study explores electrochemical methods with distinctive approaches that have been reported, which include redox-mediated processes, lithium cycling electrification, integrated plasma technology, phosphonium proton shuttling, and more. A comprehensive analysis of the underlying principles, experimental parameters, challenges, and potential applications are discussed for each method. It also assesses the recent electrocatalyst advancements employed for effective N2 fixation and their corresponding electrocatalytic performance. Finally, it emphasises the ongoing research efforts to overcome barriers and enable the widespread adoption of renewable grid energy systems for powering N2 gas electrolysis in green NH3 production.
Ammonia (NH3) is an excellent transition fuel of green hydrogen and a future contender in the energy market. However, industrial NH3 production currently depends on the unsustainable and energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Hence, developing a viable and efficient method to produce NH3 economically has become a new challenge for researchers as its demand surges with each passing decade. Ammonia production from renewable energy sources can power the globe without emitting carbon. The electrochemical method of NH3 has emerged as an appealing strategy for sustainable NH3 production under mild conditions. However, this approach presents several challenges related to activating the highly stable N≡N bond, choice of electrolytes, proton source, etc. This study explores electrochemical methods with distinctive approaches that have been reported, which include redox-mediated processes, lithium cycling electrification, integrated plasma technology, phosphonium proton shuttling, and more. A comprehensive analysis of the underlying principles, experimental parameters, challenges, and potential applications are discussed for each method. It also assesses the recent electrocatalyst advancements employed for effective N2 fixation and their corresponding electrocatalytic performance. Finally, it emphasises the ongoing research efforts to overcome barriers and enable the widespread adoption of renewable grid energy systems for powering N2 gas electrolysis in green NH3 production. [Display omitted] •Ammonia can be used as a potential carbon-free energy carrier and non-fossil fuel.•Industrial ammonia production using Haber process is energy-intensive and emits CO2•Green ammonia can be produced via electrochemical route powered by renewable energy.•eNRR is less competitive with Haber process due to its higher N2 activation energy.•Producing NH3 by coupling eNRR with water electrolysis contributes to green economy.
ArticleNumber 121960
Author Sankannavar, Ravi
Santhosh, C.R.
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  surname: Sankannavar
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Zero-carbon ammonia
Energy conversion and storage
Haber–Bosch process
Renewable energy
Nitrogen reduction reaction
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Snippet Ammonia (NH3) is an excellent transition fuel of green hydrogen and a future contender in the energy market. However, industrial NH3 production currently...
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StartPage 121960
SubjectTerms ammonia
carbon
electrochemistry
electrolysis
energy
Energy conversion and storage
fuels
Green energy
Haber–Bosch process
hydrogen
lithium
markets
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen reduction reaction
Renewable energy
renewable energy sources
Zero-carbon ammonia
Title A comprehensive review on electrochemical green ammonia synthesis: From conventional to distinctive strategies for efficient nitrogen fixation
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121960
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Volume 352
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