What is the effect of strength and conditioning training interventions on mechanical stiffness? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ di...

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Published inJournal of sports sciences Vol. 43; no. 8; pp. 776 - 795
Main Authors Bandara, Udana, Coltman, Celeste E., Portus, Marc, Feros, Simon A., Talukdar, Kaushik, Spratford, Wayne A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Routledge 18.04.2025
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects
Athletic Performance - physiology
Biomechanical Phenomena
Humans
Intervention
joint stiffness
Leg - physiology
leg stiffness
Meta-analysis
Muscle Strength - physiology
Physical Conditioning, Human - methods
Plyometric Exercise
plyometric training
resistance training
Resistance Training - methods
Reviews
Running - physiology
strength training
Systematic review
Vertical stiffness
joint stiffness
plyometric training
strength training
Vertical stiffness
resistance training
leg stiffness
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0264-0414
1466-447X
1466-447X
DOI10.1080/02640414.2025.2477394

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Abstract Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ diverse training methods to improve athletes' mechanical stiffness. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of S&C interventions on mechanical stiffness. A comprehensive search across six electronic databases, including CINAHL, COCHRANE LIBRARY, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORT DISCUSS, and WEB OF SCIENCE, identified 23 studies (40 intervention groups, 632 subjects) for the systematic review, with 12 studies (20 intervention groups, 420 subjects) included in the pre-post or/and control-intervention random effects meta-analysis. Plyometric or jump-related training had a significant and small effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.38; Z = 2.61, p = 0.009). When plyometrics training was combined with balance training, a significant and large effect on Kleg occurred (SMD = 0.80; Z = 2.93, p = 0.003). Resisted sprint training had a significant and large effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.80; Z = 6.07, p < 0.0001). These findings provide initial guidance for S&C coaches in designing programs to enhance mechanical stiffness. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the impact of S&C interventions on stiffness.
AbstractList Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ diverse training methods to improve athletes' mechanical stiffness. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of S&C interventions on mechanical stiffness. A comprehensive search across six electronic databases, including CINAHL, COCHRANE LIBRARY, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORT DISCUSS, and WEB OF SCIENCE, identified 23 studies (40 intervention groups, 632 subjects) for the systematic review, with 12 studies (20 intervention groups, 420 subjects) included in the pre-post or/and control-intervention random effects meta-analysis. Plyometric or jump-related training had a significant and small effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.38; Z = 2.61,  = 0.009). When plyometrics training was combined with balance training, a significant and large effect on Kleg occurred (SMD = 0.80;  = 2.93,  = 0.003). Resisted sprint training had a significant and large effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.80;  = 6.07,  < 0.0001). These findings provide initial guidance for S&C coaches in designing programs to enhance mechanical stiffness. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the impact of S&C interventions on stiffness.
Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ diverse training methods to improve athletes' mechanical stiffness. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of S&C interventions on mechanical stiffness. A comprehensive search across six electronic databases, including CINAHL, COCHRANE LIBRARY, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORT DISCUSS, and WEB OF SCIENCE, identified 23 studies (40 intervention groups, 632 subjects) for the systematic review, with 12 studies (20 intervention groups, 420 subjects) included in the pre-post or/and control-intervention random effects meta-analysis. Plyometric or jump-related training had a significant and small effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.38; Z = 2.61, p = 0.009). When plyometrics training was combined with balance training, a significant and large effect on Kleg occurred (SMD = 0.80; Z = 2.93, p = 0.003). Resisted sprint training had a significant and large effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.80; Z = 6.07, p < 0.0001). These findings provide initial guidance for S&C coaches in designing programs to enhance mechanical stiffness. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the impact of S&C interventions on stiffness.Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ diverse training methods to improve athletes' mechanical stiffness. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of S&C interventions on mechanical stiffness. A comprehensive search across six electronic databases, including CINAHL, COCHRANE LIBRARY, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORT DISCUSS, and WEB OF SCIENCE, identified 23 studies (40 intervention groups, 632 subjects) for the systematic review, with 12 studies (20 intervention groups, 420 subjects) included in the pre-post or/and control-intervention random effects meta-analysis. Plyometric or jump-related training had a significant and small effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.38; Z = 2.61, p = 0.009). When plyometrics training was combined with balance training, a significant and large effect on Kleg occurred (SMD = 0.80; Z = 2.93, p = 0.003). Resisted sprint training had a significant and large effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.80; Z = 6.07, p < 0.0001). These findings provide initial guidance for S&C coaches in designing programs to enhance mechanical stiffness. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the impact of S&C interventions on stiffness.
Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with neuromuscular and athletic performances that influences force production and energy transformation. Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches employ diverse training methods to improve athletes’ mechanical stiffness. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of S&C interventions on mechanical stiffness. A comprehensive search across six electronic databases, including CINAHL, COCHRANE LIBRARY, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, SPORT DISCUSS, and WEB OF SCIENCE, identified 23 studies (40 intervention groups, 632 subjects) for the systematic review, with 12 studies (20 intervention groups, 420 subjects) included in the pre-post or/and control-intervention random effects meta-analysis. Plyometric or jump-related training had a significant and small effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.38; Z = 2.61, p = 0.009). When plyometrics training was combined with balance training, a significant and large effect on Kleg occurred (SMD = 0.80; Z = 2.93, p = 0.003). Resisted sprint training had a significant and large effect on Kleg (SMD = 0.80; Z = 6.07, p < 0.0001). These findings provide initial guidance for S&C coaches in designing programs to enhance mechanical stiffness. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the impact of S&C interventions on stiffness.
Author Bandara, Udana
Spratford, Wayne A.
Feros, Simon A.
Coltman, Celeste E.
Portus, Marc
Talukdar, Kaushik
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Issue 8
Keywords joint stiffness
plyometric training
strength training
Vertical stiffness
resistance training
leg stiffness
Language English
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Snippet Mechanical stiffness, including vertical (Kvert), leg (Kleg), and joint (Kjoint) stiffness, is an important mechanical determinant associated with...
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SubjectTerms Athletic Performance - physiology
Biomechanical Phenomena
Humans
Intervention
joint stiffness
Leg - physiology
leg stiffness
Meta-analysis
Muscle Strength - physiology
Physical Conditioning, Human - methods
Plyometric Exercise
plyometric training
resistance training
Resistance Training - methods
Reviews
Running - physiology
strength training
Systematic review
Vertical stiffness
Title What is the effect of strength and conditioning training interventions on mechanical stiffness? A systematic review and meta-analysis
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40079544
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