Optical-microwave sensor for real-time measurement of water contamination in oil derivatives
This paper presents a novel microwave sensor using optical activation for measuring in real-time the water contamination in crude oil or its derivatives. The sensor is constructed from an end-coupled microstrip resonator that is interconnected to two pairs of identical fractal structures based on Mo...
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Published in | International journal of electronics and communications Vol. 170; p. 154798 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier GmbH
01.10.2023
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Abstract | This paper presents a novel microwave sensor using optical activation for measuring in real-time the water contamination in crude oil or its derivatives. The sensor is constructed from an end-coupled microstrip resonator that is interconnected to two pairs of identical fractal structures based on Moore curves. Electromagnetic (EM) interaction between the fractal curves is mitigated using a T-shaped microstrip-stub to enhance the performance of the sensor. The gap in one pair of fractal curves is loaded with light dependent resistors (LDR) and the other pair with microwave chip capacitors. The chip capacitors were used to increase the EM coupling between the fractal gaps to realize a high Q-factor resonator that determines the sensitivity of the sensor. Empirical results presented here show that the insertion-loss of the sensor is affected by the change in LDR impedance when illuminated by light. This property is used to determine the amount of water contaminated oil. The sensitivity of the sensor was optimized using commercial 3D EM solver. The measurements were made by placing a 30 mm diameter petri dish holding the sample on top of the sensor. The petri dish was filled up to a height of 10 mm with the sample of water contaminated crude oil, and the measurements were done in the range between 0.76 GHz and 1.2 GHz. The Q-factor of the oil sample with no water contamination was 70 and the Q-factor declined to 20 for 100% contamination. The error in the measurements was less than 0.024%. The sensor has dimensions of 0.127λo × 0.127λo × 0.004 λo and represents a new modality. Compared to existing techniques, the proposed sensor is simple to use, readily portable and is more sensitive. |
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AbstractList | This paper presents a novel microwave sensor using optical activation for measuring in real-time the water contamination in crude oil or its derivatives. The sensor is constructed from an end-coupled microstrip resonator that is interconnected to two pairs of identical fractal structures based on Moore curves. Electromagnetic (EM) interaction between the fractal curves is mitigated using a T-shaped microstrip-stub to enhance the performance of the sensor. The gap in one pair of fractal curves is loaded with light dependent resistors (LDR) and the other pair with microwave chip capacitors. The chip capacitors were used to increase the EM coupling between the fractal gaps to realize a high Q-factor resonator that determines the sensitivity of the sensor. Empirical results presented here show that the insertion-loss of the sensor is affected by the change in LDR impedance when illuminated by light. This property is used to determine the amount of water contaminated oil. The sensitivity of the sensor was optimized using commercial 3D EM solver. The measurements were made by placing a 30 mm diameter petri dish holding the sample on top of the sensor. The petri dish was filled up to a height of 10 mm with the sample of water contaminated crude oil, and the measurements were done in the range between 0.76 GHz and 1.2 GHz. The Q-factor of the oil sample with no water contamination was 70 and the Q-factor declined to 20 for 100% contamination. The error in the measurements was less than 0.024%. The sensor has dimensions of 0.127λo × 0.127λo × 0.004 λo and represents a new modality. Compared to existing techniques, the proposed sensor is simple to use, readily portable and is more sensitive. |
ArticleNumber | 154798 |
Author | Abdulsattar, Rusul Khalid Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Kouhalvandi, Lida Abdul Hassain, Zaid A. Limiti, Ernesto Tokan, Nurhan Türker Falcone, Francisco Virdee, Bal S. Livreri, Patrizia Elwi, Taha A. Sharma, Richa Mansoor Ali, Syed |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rusul Khalid surname: Abdulsattar fullname: Abdulsattar, Rusul Khalid email: rusul.k.abdulsattar@uotechnology.edu.iq organization: Electrical Engineering Department, Technology University,10045 Baghdad, Iraq – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammad surname: Alibakhshikenari fullname: Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad email: mohammad.alibakhshikenari@uc3m.es organization: Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: Bal S. surname: Virdee fullname: Virdee, Bal S. email: b.virdee@londonmet.ac.uk organization: Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, United Kingdom – sequence: 4 givenname: Richa surname: Sharma fullname: Sharma, Richa email: r.sharma@londonmet.ac.uk organization: Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, United Kingdom – sequence: 5 givenname: Taha A. surname: Elwi fullname: Elwi, Taha A. email: tahaelwi82@almamonuc.edu.iq organization: International Applied and Theoretical Research Centre (IATRC), Baghdad, Iraq – sequence: 6 givenname: Lida surname: Kouhalvandi fullname: Kouhalvandi, Lida email: lida.kouhalvandi@ieee.org organization: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dogus University, Istanbul 34775, Turkey – sequence: 7 givenname: Zaid A. surname: Abdul Hassain fullname: Abdul Hassain, Zaid A. email: zaidasaad_79@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq organization: Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq – sequence: 8 givenname: Syed surname: Mansoor Ali fullname: Mansoor Ali, Syed email: symali@ksu.edu.sa organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, P.O. BOX 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia – sequence: 9 givenname: Nurhan Türker surname: Tokan fullname: Tokan, Nurhan Türker email: nturker@yildiz.edu.tr organization: Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey – sequence: 10 givenname: Patrizia surname: Livreri fullname: Livreri, Patrizia email: patrizia.livreri@unipa.it organization: Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze BLDG 9, Palermo IT 90128, Sicily, Italy – sequence: 11 givenname: Francisco surname: Falcone fullname: Falcone, Francisco email: francisco.falcone@unavarra.es organization: Department of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering and the Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain – sequence: 12 givenname: Ernesto surname: Limiti fullname: Limiti, Ernesto email: limiti@ing.uniroma2.it organization: Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 RM, Rome, Italy |
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Cites_doi | 10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.1.6 10.1126/science.1058847 10.1007/BF00731001 10.1016/j.sna.2019.111662 10.1109/TMTT.2021.3081119 10.1364/OE.26.022709 10.1155/2017/5178937 10.1109/LMWC.2018.2875996 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2872859 10.1016/j.sna.2020.112112 10.1109/TCSI.2020.3003010 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3168228 10.3844/ajeassp.2008.384.388 |
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Keywords | Fractal curves Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum light dependent resistors (LDR) Microstrip sensor |
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