Determination and risk assessment of heavy metals in raw foodstuffs sold from open markets in Zambia; a comparison of Kabwe, Kitwe, and Lusaka towns

The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples fr...

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Published inInternational journal of environmental health research Vol. 34; no. 3; pp. 1566 - 1579
Main Authors Miyanza, Foster, Ramalepe, Thapelo, Monyai, Mokgaetji, Chaúque, Eutilério, Nyambe, Imasiku, Chimuka, Luke
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Taylor & Francis 03.03.2024
Taylor & Francis LLC
Subjects
Aluminum
Cadmium
Carcinogens
Chromium
Fish
Health risks
Heavy metals
human health risk assessment
metal contamination
Risk analysis
Risk assessment
Statistical analysis
Towns
vegetables
Zambia
Fish
Zambia
human health risk assessment
vegetables
metal contamination
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Abstract The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples from Kabwe, Kitwe and Lusaka, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of samples from Kitwe and Lusaka towns were similar, P > 0.05. However, there were noteworthy differences in the mean amounts of heavy metals in samples from Kitwe and Kabwe, and samples from Kabwe and Lusaka towns, P < .0167. The health risk analysis indicates possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the consumer. This is because the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all samples from all towns was greater than 1 and the cancer risk (CR) for cadmium was above 10 −4 in all samples from all towns.
AbstractList The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples from Kabwe, Kitwe and Lusaka, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of samples from Kitwe and Lusaka towns were similar, P > 0.05. However, there were noteworthy differences in the mean amounts of heavy metals in samples from Kitwe and Kabwe, and samples from Kabwe and Lusaka towns, P < .0167. The health risk analysis indicates possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the consumer. This is because the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all samples from all towns was greater than 1 and the cancer risk (CR) for cadmium was above 10 −4 in all samples from all towns.
The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples from Kabwe, Kitwe and Lusaka, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of samples from Kitwe and Lusaka towns were similar, P > 0.05. However, there were noteworthy differences in the mean amounts of heavy metals in samples from Kitwe and Kabwe, and samples from Kabwe and Lusaka towns, P < .0167. The health risk analysis indicates possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the consumer. This is because the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all samples from all towns was greater than 1 and the cancer risk (CR) for cadmium was above 10−4 in all samples from all towns.
The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples from Kabwe, Kitwe and Lusaka, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of samples from Kitwe and Lusaka towns were similar, P > 0.05. However, there were noteworthy differences in the mean amounts of heavy metals in samples from Kitwe and Kabwe, and samples from Kabwe and Lusaka towns, P < .0167. The health risk analysis indicates possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the consumer. This is because the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all samples from all towns was greater than 1 and the cancer risk (CR) for cadmium was above 10-4 in all samples from all towns.
The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of heavy metals ranged as follows (mg/kg): 1.9 to 662.7, 3.0 to 3472.3 and 2.0 to 1698.7 of cadmium (lowest) and aluminium (highest) for samples from Kabwe, Kitwe and Lusaka, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of samples from Kitwe and Lusaka towns were similar,  > 0.05. However, there were noteworthy differences in the mean amounts of heavy metals in samples from Kitwe and Kabwe, and samples from Kabwe and Lusaka towns,  < .0167. The health risk analysis indicates possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the consumer. This is because the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all samples from all towns was greater than 1 and the cancer risk (CR) for cadmium was above 10 in all samples from all towns.
Author Ramalepe, Thapelo
Chaúque, Eutilério
Miyanza, Foster
Chimuka, Luke
Nyambe, Imasiku
Monyai, Mokgaetji
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  fullname: Ramalepe, Thapelo
  organization: University of Witwatersrand
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  surname: Monyai
  fullname: Monyai, Mokgaetji
  organization: University of Witwatersrand
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human health risk assessment
vegetables
metal contamination
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Snippet The research focused on risk assessment of some heavy metals in common vegetables and fish sold on open markets in three towns of Zambia. The mean level of...
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SubjectTerms Aluminum
Cadmium
Carcinogens
Chromium
Fish
Health risks
Heavy metals
human health risk assessment
metal contamination
Risk analysis
Risk assessment
Statistical analysis
Towns
vegetables
Zambia
Title Determination and risk assessment of heavy metals in raw foodstuffs sold from open markets in Zambia; a comparison of Kabwe, Kitwe, and Lusaka towns
URI https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603123.2023.2229750
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37394914
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2933335612
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2832840208
Volume 34
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