Attachment theory 2.0: A network analysis of offline and online attachment dimensions, guilt, shame, and self-esteem and their differences between low and high internet users
Attachment dimensions, guilt, shame, and self-esteem influence offline and online interactions. In addition, these psychological variables are involved in the amount of time an individual uses the Internet. Few studies have examined the associations between guilt, shame, self-esteem, and attachment...
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| Published in | Computers in human behavior Vol. 156; p. 108195 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier Ltd
01.07.2024
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0747-5632 1873-7692 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.chb.2024.108195 |
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| Abstract | Attachment dimensions, guilt, shame, and self-esteem influence offline and online interactions. In addition, these psychological variables are involved in the amount of time an individual uses the Internet. Few studies have examined the associations between guilt, shame, self-esteem, and attachment dimensions related to friendships and romance in the offline and online contexts, and how these variables differ between low and high Internet Users (IU). The present study explored the associations between guilt, shame, self-esteem, and attachment dimensions related to offline and online relationships and assessed the differences between low and high IU on these psychological variables.
213 participants completed online self-report questionnaires.
Attachment dimensions correlated positively with corresponding dimensions across contexts. Guilt was negatively correlated with offline insecure attachment dimensions and positively with online avoidance. Shame proneness was positively correlated, and self-esteem negatively, with insecure attachment dimensions. High IU showed higher anxiety/ambivalence, lower avoidance, and guilt than low users. Avoidance was higher and anxiety/ambivalence was lower in online relationships.
People would maintain the same attachment strategies in offline and online contexts. Guilt, shame, and self-esteem are differently associated with attachment dimensions in offline and online contexts. Lastly, IU showed differences in insecure attachment dimensions and guilt.
•Similar attachment strategies are adopted in offline and online contexts.•Guilt-repair correlated positively with avoidance online and negatively offline.•Shame correlated positively and Self-esteem negatively with insecure attachment.•High internet users showed higher anxiety/ambivalence, lower avoidance and guilt.•Online relationships showed higher avoidance and lower anxiety/ambivalence. |
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| AbstractList | Attachment dimensions, guilt, shame, and self-esteem influence offline and online interactions. In addition, these psychological variables are involved in the amount of time an individual uses the Internet. Few studies have examined the associations between guilt, shame, self-esteem, and attachment dimensions related to friendships and romance in the offline and online contexts, and how these variables differ between low and high Internet Users (IU). The present study explored the associations between guilt, shame, self-esteem, and attachment dimensions related to offline and online relationships and assessed the differences between low and high IU on these psychological variables.
213 participants completed online self-report questionnaires.
Attachment dimensions correlated positively with corresponding dimensions across contexts. Guilt was negatively correlated with offline insecure attachment dimensions and positively with online avoidance. Shame proneness was positively correlated, and self-esteem negatively, with insecure attachment dimensions. High IU showed higher anxiety/ambivalence, lower avoidance, and guilt than low users. Avoidance was higher and anxiety/ambivalence was lower in online relationships.
People would maintain the same attachment strategies in offline and online contexts. Guilt, shame, and self-esteem are differently associated with attachment dimensions in offline and online contexts. Lastly, IU showed differences in insecure attachment dimensions and guilt.
•Similar attachment strategies are adopted in offline and online contexts.•Guilt-repair correlated positively with avoidance online and negatively offline.•Shame correlated positively and Self-esteem negatively with insecure attachment.•High internet users showed higher anxiety/ambivalence, lower avoidance and guilt.•Online relationships showed higher avoidance and lower anxiety/ambivalence. |
| ArticleNumber | 108195 |
| Author | Veneziani, Giorgio Lai, Carlo Ciacchella, Chiara Onorati, Piergiorgio |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Giorgio orcidid: 0000-0001-6223-5460 surname: Veneziani fullname: Veneziani, Giorgio – sequence: 2 givenname: Chiara surname: Ciacchella fullname: Ciacchella, Chiara – sequence: 3 givenname: Piergiorgio orcidid: 0009-0001-6320-6132 surname: Onorati fullname: Onorati, Piergiorgio – sequence: 4 givenname: Carlo orcidid: 0000-0002-7638-0375 surname: Lai fullname: Lai, Carlo email: carlo.lai@uniroma1.it |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_21070_acopen_9_2024_9144 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chbr_2024_100509 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_025_07312_1 |
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| Keywords | Attachment theory Self-esteem Guilt Shame Virtual relationships |
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