Generating spike-free digital surface models using LiDAR raw point clouds: A new approach for forestry applications
•We introduce a spike-free algorithm for generating Lidar-derived pit-free DSM raster.•The algorithm systematically prevents the formation of spikes during the TIN construction.•Our algorithm takes a raw point cloud as input and produces a spike-free TIN and its corresponding raster.•The algorithm c...
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Published in | International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation Vol. 52; pp. 104 - 114 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.10.2016
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Abstract | •We introduce a spike-free algorithm for generating Lidar-derived pit-free DSM raster.•The algorithm systematically prevents the formation of spikes during the TIN construction.•Our algorithm takes a raw point cloud as input and produces a spike-free TIN and its corresponding raster.•The algorithm considers all relevant returns instead of using only first-returns.•The algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of treetop detection, especially for small trees.
Accurately detecting single trees from LiDAR data requires generating a high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) that faithfully represents the uppermost layer of the forest canopy. A high-resolution DSM raster is commonly generated by interpolating all first LiDAR returns through a Delaunay TIN. The first-return 2D surface interpolation struggles to produce a faithful representation of the canopy when there are first returns that have very similar x-y coordinates but very different z values. When triangulated together into a TIN, such constellations will form needle-shaped triangles that appear as spikes that geometrically disrupt the DSM and negatively affect treetop detection and subsequent extraction of biophysical parameters. We introduce a spike-free algorithm that considers all returns (e.g. also second and third returns) and systematically prevents spikes formation during TIN construction by ignoring any return whose insertion would result in a spike. Our algorithm takes a raw point cloud (i.e., unclassified) as input and produces a spike-free TIN as output that is then rasterized onto a corresponding pit-free DSM grid. We evaluate the new algorithm by comparing the results of treetop detection using the pit-free DSM with those achieved using a common first-return DSM. The results show that our algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of treetop detection, especially for small trees. |
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AbstractList | •We introduce a spike-free algorithm for generating Lidar-derived pit-free DSM raster.•The algorithm systematically prevents the formation of spikes during the TIN construction.•Our algorithm takes a raw point cloud as input and produces a spike-free TIN and its corresponding raster.•The algorithm considers all relevant returns instead of using only first-returns.•The algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of treetop detection, especially for small trees.
Accurately detecting single trees from LiDAR data requires generating a high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) that faithfully represents the uppermost layer of the forest canopy. A high-resolution DSM raster is commonly generated by interpolating all first LiDAR returns through a Delaunay TIN. The first-return 2D surface interpolation struggles to produce a faithful representation of the canopy when there are first returns that have very similar x-y coordinates but very different z values. When triangulated together into a TIN, such constellations will form needle-shaped triangles that appear as spikes that geometrically disrupt the DSM and negatively affect treetop detection and subsequent extraction of biophysical parameters. We introduce a spike-free algorithm that considers all returns (e.g. also second and third returns) and systematically prevents spikes formation during TIN construction by ignoring any return whose insertion would result in a spike. Our algorithm takes a raw point cloud (i.e., unclassified) as input and produces a spike-free TIN as output that is then rasterized onto a corresponding pit-free DSM grid. We evaluate the new algorithm by comparing the results of treetop detection using the pit-free DSM with those achieved using a common first-return DSM. The results show that our algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of treetop detection, especially for small trees. |
Author | Khosravipour, Anahita Skidmore, Andrew K. Isenburg, Martin |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anahita surname: Khosravipour fullname: Khosravipour, Anahita email: a.khosravipour@utwente.nl organization: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Andrew K. surname: Skidmore fullname: Skidmore, Andrew K. email: a.k.skidmore@utwente.nl organization: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: Martin surname: Isenburg fullname: Isenburg, Martin email: martin@rapidlasso.com organization: Rapidlasso GmbH, Casparigasse 16, 97286 Sommerhausen, Germany |
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Keywords | Delaunay triangulation Point cloud Digital surface model Pit-free LiDAR |
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Snippet | •We introduce a spike-free algorithm for generating Lidar-derived pit-free DSM raster.•The algorithm systematically prevents the formation of spikes during the... |
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SubjectTerms | Delaunay triangulation Digital surface model LiDAR Pit-free Point cloud |
Title | Generating spike-free digital surface models using LiDAR raw point clouds: A new approach for forestry applications |
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