Valuing natural capital and ecosystem services toward the goals of efficiency, fairness, and sustainability

• Published in: Ecosystem services Vol. 43; p. 101096
• Main Author: Costanza, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.06.2020
• Subjects: Common assets; ecosystem services; ecosystems; Efficiency; Fairness; humans; Natural capital; social capital; social welfare; Sustainability; Valuation; Common assets; Natural capital; Valuation; Efficiency; Sustainability; Fairness

•Valuation is about assessing trade-offs toward a goal.•There are 3 goals for ES valuation: efficiency (E-value), fairness (F-value) and sustainability (S-value).•An integrated approach to valuation is needed toward these 3 goals.•A whole systems view of humans and the rest of nature is needed. Ecos...