Impact of fear effect on the growth of prey in a predator-prey interaction model

• Published in: Ecological complexity Vol. 42; p. 100826
• Main Authors: Sarkar, Kankan, Khajanchi, Subhas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.03.2020
• Subjects: Anti-predator defence; Average Lyapunov functional; birth rate; demography; Fear effect; fearfulness; functional response models; Hopf bifurcation; mortality; predation; predator-prey relationships; predators; reproduction; risk; Stability analysis; vertebrates; Stability analysis; Anti-predator defence; Hopf bifurcation; Fear effect; Average Lyapunov functional
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100826
• ISSN: 1476-945X

•A predator-prey model incorporating the cost of fear into prey reproduction.•Strong anti-predator responses can stabilize the predator-prey system by excluding the existence of periodic solutions.•Model undergoes Hopf bifurcation with respect to prey birth rate r0.•Fear effect can stabilize the predator-prey system and promote the coexistence of all the populations.•Prey is less sensitive to perceive predation risk with increasing birth rate of prey or increasing death rate of predators. Several field data and experiments on a terrestrial vertebrates exhibited that the fear of predators would cause a substantial variability of prey demography. Fear for predator population enhances the survival probability of prey population, and it can greatly reduce the reproduction of prey population. Based on the experimental evidence, we proposed and analyzed a prey-predator system introducing the cost of fear into prey reproduction with Holling type-II functional response. We investigate all the biologically feasible equilibrium points, and their stability is analyzed in terms of the model parameters. Our mathematical analysis exhibits that for strong anti-predator responses can stabilize the prey-predator interactions by ignoring the existence of periodic behaviors. Our model system undergoes Hopf bifurcation by considering the birth rate r0 as a bifurcation parameter. For larger prey birth rate, we investigate the transition to a stable coexisting equilibrium state, with oscillatory approach to this equilibrium state, indicating that the greatest characteristic eigenvalues are actually a pair of imaginary eigenvalues with real part negative, which is increasing for r0. We obtained the conditions for the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and conditions governing the direction of Hopf bifurcation, which imply that the prey birth rate will not only influence the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation but also alter the direction of Hopf bifurcation. We identify the parameter regions associated with the extinct equilibria, predator-free equilibria and coexisting equilibria with respect to prey birth rate, predator mortality rates. Fear can stabilize the predator-prey system at an interior steady state, where all the species can exists together, or it can create the oscillatory coexistence of all the populations. We performed some numerical simulations to investigate the relationship between the effects of fear and other biologically related parameters (including growth/decay rate of prey/predator), which exhibit the impact that fear can have in prey-predator system. Our numerical illustrations also demonstrate that the prey become less sensitive to perceive the risk of predation with increasing prey growth rate or increasing predators decay rate.