Teaching Effectiveness of Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching and Integrated Curriculum Graduate Teachers: Investigating Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions

A new teacher education package has been introduced in Ethiopia by the Ministry of Education, which is called the Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching (PGDT), for secondary schools since 2011, replacing the integrated curriculum teacher education program with the purpose of equipping trainees with the k...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inEducation research international Vol. 2022; pp. 1 - 6
Main Authors Ahmed Endris, Abdurahman, Hussen Seid, Mohammed, Ahmed Abdel-Al Ibrahim, Khaled
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York Hindawi 06.07.2022
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2090-4002
2090-4010
DOI10.1155/2022/1599038

Cover

Abstract A new teacher education package has been introduced in Ethiopia by the Ministry of Education, which is called the Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching (PGDT), for secondary schools since 2011, replacing the integrated curriculum teacher education program with the purpose of equipping trainees with the knowledge and skills needed. However, little research has been carried out on the effectiveness of the PGDT in relation to the previous (integrated curriculum) programme in the actual practices in secondary schools yet. This study, therefore, aims to assess the students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the teaching effectiveness of the PGDT and integrated curriculum graduate teachers in secondary schools in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Data were gathered from participant students (n = 214) and teachers (n = 16) using purposive sampling. To gather data, questionnaires were employed. The data were analyzed quantitatively using mean, standard deviations, and one-sample t-test. The findings of the study revealed that students and teachers show slightly more positive perceptions of the effectiveness of PGDT, especially in subject matter knowledge; the scores are also significant. However, the results indicated that both the PGDT and integrated curriculum graduate teachers use the lecture method of teaching. Recommendations were forwarded for teacher development, instruction, and research on PGDT. Limitations and future directions of the study are also summarized and discussed.
AbstractList A new teacher education package has been introduced in Ethiopia by the Ministry of Education, which is called the Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching (PGDT), for secondary schools since 2011, replacing the integrated curriculum teacher education program with the purpose of equipping trainees with the knowledge and skills needed. However, little research has been carried out on the effectiveness of the PGDT in relation to the previous (integrated curriculum) programme in the actual practices in secondary schools yet. This study, therefore, aims to assess the students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the teaching effectiveness of the PGDT and integrated curriculum graduate teachers in secondary schools in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Data were gathered from participant students (n = 214) and teachers (n = 16) using purposive sampling. To gather data, questionnaires were employed. The data were analyzed quantitatively using mean, standard deviations, and one-sample t-test. The findings of the study revealed that students and teachers show slightly more positive perceptions of the effectiveness of PGDT, especially in subject matter knowledge; the scores are also significant. However, the results indicated that both the PGDT and integrated curriculum graduate teachers use the lecture method of teaching. Recommendations were forwarded for teacher development, instruction, and research on PGDT. Limitations and future directions of the study are also summarized and discussed.
Author Ahmed Abdel-Al Ibrahim, Khaled
Ahmed Endris, Abdurahman
Hussen Seid, Mohammed
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Abdurahman
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2524-9481
  surname: Ahmed Endris
  fullname: Ahmed Endris, Abdurahman
  organization: Department of English Language and LiteratureWoldia UniversityWoldiaEthiopiawldu.edu.et
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Mohammed
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7351-019X
  surname: Hussen Seid
  fullname: Hussen Seid, Mohammed
  organization: Department of ChemistryWoldia UniversityWoldiaEthiopiawldu.edu.et
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Khaled
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6181-5500
  surname: Ahmed Abdel-Al Ibrahim
  fullname: Ahmed Abdel-Al Ibrahim, Khaled
  organization: Educational PsychologyCollege of EducationPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-KharjSaudi Arabiasau.edu.sa
BookMark eNp9kctOAjEUhhuDiYjsfIAmLhXphWFadwYRSUgkEdeTMnMGS6CDbQfjztdw4cv5JHa4LUy0m7bJ951zcv5TVDOFAYTOKbmmNIrajDDWppGUhIsjVGdEklaHUFI7vAk7QU3n5iQcQVgsSB19TUClL9rMcD_PIfV6DQacw0WOx4XzM6uyUnnAd3q1KJYKa4MPhjIZHhoPAfKQ4V5prU7LRbnEg722YcG6mwCuwXk9U75Sn3yZgfHu--NzU2bPVf8x2BRWXhfGnaHjXC0cNHd3Az3f9ye9h9bocTDs3Y5aKeexbwFEEQERCcEki7kQcZyB7PKplMAV6YYtZCITVKlUgJCM0SnIHGIRTylRkvMGutjWXdnitQxzJvOitCa0TFhXEsE7cbcTKLalUls4ZyFPUu1VNai3Si8SSpIqiaRKItklEaSrX9LK6qWy73_hl1s8bDhTb_p_-gew45uy
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1108_HESWBL_03_2023_0075
crossref_primary_10_1080_2331186X_2024_2301882
Cites_doi 10.1080/2331186X.2020.1833812
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2022 Abdurahman Ahmed Endris et al.
Copyright © 2022 Abdurahman Ahmed Endris et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2022 Abdurahman Ahmed Endris et al.
– notice: Copyright © 2022 Abdurahman Ahmed Endris et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DBID RHU
RHW
RHX
AAYXX
CITATION
0-V
3V.
4U-
7XB
88B
8A4
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AFKRA
ALSLI
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
CJNVE
CWDGH
DWQXO
GNUQQ
GUQSH
M0P
M2O
MBDVC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEDU
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
DOI 10.1155/2022/1599038
DatabaseName Hindawi Publishing Complete
Hindawi Publishing Subscription Journals
Hindawi Publishing Open Access
CrossRef
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection【Remote access available】
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
University Readers
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Education Database (Alumni Edition)
Education Periodicals
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Social Science Premium Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
Education Collection
Middle East & Africa Database (ProQuest)
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
Education Database
Research Library
Research Library (Corporate)
Proquest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Education
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central Basic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Education
University Readers
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
Middle East & Africa Database
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (New)
Social Science Premium Collection
Education Collection
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest Education Journals
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Professional Education
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Education Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RHX
  name: Hindawi Publishing Open Access
  url: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Education
EISSN 2090-4010
Editor Rezvani, Ehsan
Editor_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Ehsan
  surname: Rezvani
  fullname: Rezvani, Ehsan
EndPage 6
ExternalDocumentID 10_1155_2022_1599038
GeographicLocations Ethiopia
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Ethiopia
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Woldia University
GroupedDBID -W8
0-V
3V.
4.4
5VS
8A4
8G5
AAFWJ
AAJEY
ABSRN
ABUWG
ACGFO
ACIHN
ADBBV
AEAQA
AFKRA
AFPKN
AIKWM
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALSLI
ARALO
AZQEC
BCNDV
BENPR
BPHCQ
CCPQU
CJNVE
CWDGH
DWQXO
EBS
GNUQQ
GROUPED_DOAJ
GUQSH
IAO
IER
IHR
KPI
KQ8
M0P
M2O
M~E
OK1
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PROAC
RHU
RHW
RHX
RNS
TR2
0R~
24P
AAYXX
ACCMX
CITATION
H13
PHGZM
PHGZT
PQEDU
4U-
7XB
8FK
AAMMB
AEFGJ
AGXDD
AIDQK
AIDYY
MBDVC
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c337t-ee550e8588292738877de963b99e3a06010d8d81aac8e89221be9fe787b10a933
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 2090-4002
IngestDate Fri Jul 25 10:04:23 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 04:20:19 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:05:21 EDT 2025
Sun Jun 02 19:21:18 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Language English
License This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c337t-ee550e8588292738877de963b99e3a06010d8d81aac8e89221be9fe787b10a933
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0001-7351-019X
0000-0002-2524-9481
0000-0001-6181-5500
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/2690834764?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID 2690834764
PQPubID 1096450
PageCount 6
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2690834764
crossref_citationtrail_10_1155_2022_1599038
crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_1599038
hindawi_primary_10_1155_2022_1599038
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-07-06
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-07-06
PublicationDate_xml – month: 07
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-07-06
  day: 06
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
PublicationTitle Education research international
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher Hindawi
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Hindawi
– name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
References A. M. Balogun (1) 2010
National Agency for Examinations (8) 2010
14
S. Awgichew (12) 2016; 9
Ministry of Education (3) 2010
Ministry of Education (5) 2009
D. Gebretsadik (11) 2015; 13
K. Kassa (2) 2014; 7
M. Teka (4) 2009
K. Kassa (7) 2013; II
A. Anwar (17) 2018; 5
A. Shishigu (9) 2017; 13
A. Bersissa (10) 2012; 1
H. Selinger (13) 1990
D. Derebssa (16) 2006; 9
G.. A. Eyasu (6) 2017; 5
A. Ayetenew (15) 2019; 6
References_xml – volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  issue: 2
  year: 2017
  ident: 6
  article-title: Reforms of teacher education in Ethiopian: a historical analysis
  publication-title: Research Journal of Educational Sciences
– volume: II
  year: 2013
  ident: 7
  article-title: Practices and Challenges of Post-Graduate Diploma in Teaching Programme: The Case of Haramaya University, Ethiopia
  publication-title: Reflectionjournal
– volume: 9
  start-page: 166
  year: 2016
  ident: 12
  article-title: The role of the post graduate diploma in secondary school teaching program in improving the quality of teaching in Eastern Ethiopian secondary schools
  publication-title: Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education
– volume-title: Professional Standard For Ethiopian School Teacher: National Professional Standard For Teachers
  year: 2009
  ident: 5
– volume: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: 15
  article-title: Post graduate diploma in teaching (PGDT) pre-service teacher development policy reform initiative: its practices, outcomes and challenges
  publication-title: Cogent Education
– volume: 13
  start-page: 192
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  ident: 11
  article-title: An exploration of student-teachers’ views about the practice of postgraduate diploma in teaching: English major prospective teachers in Bahir Dar and Haromaya Universities, Ethiopia
  publication-title: International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research
– year: 2009
  ident: 4
  article-title: Evaluation of Implementation of the Paradigm Shift in EFL Teacher Education in Ethiopia (Unpublished PhD Dissertation)
– volume-title: Education Sector Development Iv (Esdp IV), Program Action Plan
  year: 2010
  ident: 3
– volume: 1
  start-page: 65
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 10
  article-title: Assessment of the attitude of prospective teachers enrolled in postgraduate diploma in teaching: the case of Wollega university
  publication-title: Star journal: Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal
– volume: 7
  start-page: 45
  year: 2014
  ident: 2
  article-title: Review of attitude of postgraduate diploma in teaching (PGDT) student teachers towards teaching profession in Ethiopian university college of teacher education
  publication-title: Middle Eastern & African Journal of Educational Research
– volume: 13
  start-page: 61
  issue: 3
  year: 2017
  ident: 9
  article-title: Policy debate in Ethiopian teacher education: retrospection and future direction
  publication-title: International Journal of Progressive Education
– volume: 9
  start-page: 123
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  ident: 16
  article-title: Tension between traditional and modern teaching-learning approaches in Ethiopian primary schools
  publication-title: Journal of International Cooperation in Education
– volume-title: Second Language Research Methods
  year: 1990
  ident: 13
– volume: 5
  start-page: 28
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: 17
  article-title: Effectiveness of postgraduate diploma in teaching graduates in utilizing continuous assessment: the case of eastern Ethiopian preparatory schools
  publication-title: International Journal of Research & Review
– volume-title: Annual Lecture Series
  year: 2010
  ident: 1
  article-title: Challenges of higher education in Nigeria: a manager’s perspective
– volume-title: Ethiopian First National Learning Assessment Of Grades 10 & 12 Students
  year: 2010
  ident: 8
– ident: 14
  doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2020.1833812
SSID ssj0000802780
Score 2.2025065
Snippet A new teacher education package has been introduced in Ethiopia by the Ministry of Education, which is called the Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching (PGDT), for...
SourceID proquest
crossref
hindawi
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1
SubjectTerms Education reform
Grade 10
Integrated curriculum
Knowledge
Pedagogy
Perceptions
Preservice Teachers
Professional Education
Quality of education
Questionnaires
Researchers
Secondary school students
Secondary School Teachers
Secondary schools
Teacher education
Teaching
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Hindawi Publishing Open Access
  dbid: RHX
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1PS8MwFA86ELyIOsXplBzmSYpt0qaJN5nOKSiiG-xWkibVwezGuuHVr-HBL-cnMWnTqkzRY-C9d-h7L-9PX34PgJbwAyk8LpyQ-InjJ4Q4nLjcoUGIY4JjGec93esb0u37V4NgYEGSssVf-DramfIcHeuoy1xMl8EyJcZ477qDqpVinouG-Y405DJXV0RmZqf-E_u34LPyaKre5-HCLZyHls46WLM5ITwtlLgBllS6adYp29GLOnjr2ZlHWIAN2xsKjhNolu0-TLmc65wRng0no_ETh8MUVhw8lfCyxISQsF21_OBFyWZRnbMT-AV1Q7PeF7iX2fvLay6mpDPn28-BmC3Q75z32l3H7lVwYozDmaOULksUDXRyzczLHBqGUmlHFIwpzA1AiyuppB7nMVWUIeQJxRKlXVt4LmcYb4NaOk7VDoAEcYWoq0WFulIkgZA4VoYZE4okpg1wVH7wKLag42b3xSjKi48giIx6IqueBjisqCcF2MYvdC2ruz_ImqViI-uZWYQI01mnr01z939S9sCqOeYjuqQJarPpXO3rRGQmDnIz_ACMqdeU
  priority: 102
  providerName: Hindawi Publishing
Title Teaching Effectiveness of Postgraduate Diploma in Teaching and Integrated Curriculum Graduate Teachers: Investigating Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1599038
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2690834764
Volume 2022
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwhV3NTsMwDI6ACYkL4lcMxpQDnFBF2zRpwgXB2BggEL_SblXapDBpdGMb4sprcODleBLiNh1ICLhMqmb7UCeO7Trfh9BWHFAVezJ2QhakTpAy5kjmSofTkCSMJCrJe7rnF6x9F5x2aMc23EZ2rLKMiXmgVv0EeuS7vinjOAmMyf3BkwOsUfB11VJoTKOKCcHcrPPKYfPi8nrSZYGbpGFOn-a7wjXFEozzFNPvlELh7--a81y4cD3l27k0-wAF8Uv3R4DOT53WApq36SI-KPy7iKZ0tgRMy3YqYxm939pxSFzgENvghfspBh7e-6FUzyadxEfdQa__KHE3wxMNmSl8UsJFKNyYdAPxcalmAZ9He_gbIIdRvSkgMUcfr2-5mVIOni-_ZmVW0F2redtoO5ZywUkICceO1qZi0ZyavFvApR0ehkqbPRoLoYkE7BZXccU9KROuufB9L9Yi1WbXx54rBSGraCbrZ3oNYeZL7XPXmApNEclorEiiQZkw7ivCq2infOFRYvHIgRajF-V1CaURuCey7qmi7Yn0oMDh-EVuy_ruH7Fa6djIbtpR9LXE1v_-ewPNgbF8apfV0Mx4-Kw3TW4yjut2AdbR9NkVN7_X7c4nzJXlQA
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LS8NAEF5KRfQiPvFRdQ96kmC6m91sBBG1auujiFbwFjfZrRY0rW1FvPk3PPgX_FH-EneSTRVEPXkMmZlDZphXZr5BaCXymIrKMnJ87jUdr8m5I7krHcF8GnMaqzjt6Z7UefXCO7xklwX0lu_CwFhl7hNTR63aMfTI14kp4wT1jMitzr0DV6Pg72p-QiMziyP99GhKtt5mrWL0u0rI_l5jt-rYqwJOTKnfd7Q2SbkWzKSWAeylCN9X2phhFASaSoAncZVQoixlLLQICClHOmhqY9hR2ZUBNECNyx_yYKO1iIZ29uqnZ4OuDmyu-um5NuIGrinOYHwom7ZnDBoNZN3kD4EL6zBf4uDwDRTgj61vASGNcvvjaMymp3g7s6cJVNDJJFx2tlMgU-i1YccvcYZ7bJ0lbjcx3P297kr1YNJXXGl1btt3ErcSPOCQicK1HJ5C4d1B9xEf5GwWYLq3gb8AgBjW8wyCs_f-_JKKyeng-fRzNmcaXfyLMmZQMWknehZhTqQmwjWifFO0chYpGmtgplwQRcUcWss_eBhb_HM4w3EbpnUQYyGoJ7TqmUOrA-pOhvvxA92K1d0fZKVcsaF1Er3w06Tnf3-9jEaqjZPj8LhWP1pAoyA4nRjmJVTsdx_0osmL-tGSNUaMrv7b_j8Aveseyg
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3LbhMxFLWqVEVsgPIQLS31ol2haSb22ONBQhVKmib0oUq0orupXwNRyyQ0iSpY8Rss-BF-hR1fgu-MnVYgYNUFy9HYXniO72uOz0VoXSXMqJZUUcqTIkoKziPJYxkJllLNqTa6qunuH_DecfLqhJ3MoW_hLgzQKoNNrAy1GWqokTeJS-METdySzcLTIg473a3Rhwg6SMGf1tBOo4bIrv146dK38Yt-x33rDUK620ftXuQ7DESa0nQSWesCdCuYCzMzuKMi0tRYB0mVZZZKkCqJjTCiJaUWVmSEtJTNCutArlqxzKAY6sz_vOBCJA00337T2enNKjxwizWtWreROItdogZUopp5zxgUHUjTxRJZDFdjrvnEhXeQjF8OfnMOlcfr3kXfw17VRJezzelEbepPv8hI_p-beQ_d8YE4flmfnEU0Z8v70MPa810eoK9HnmiKa4Vn7xbwsMDQ4fjthTRTF6jjzmB0Pnwv8aDEsxmyNLgfhDgMbs_qrHgnTPNS2uPn-JrUiZv6uhYbHf_4_KVaJoyD58MrFtJDdHwju_MINcphaR8jzIm0RMRuqdSl55wpQ7WFyZQLYqhYQs8CnHLtld6h4ch5XmV8jOUAvtyDbwltzEaPaoWTP4xb98j8x7CVALncm8NxfoW35b-_XkO3HBDzvf7B7hN0G9atqNF8BTUmF1O76gLAiXrqTxpGpzeNx5_z-2nB
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teaching+Effectiveness+of+Postgraduate+Diploma+in+Teaching+and+Integrated+Curriculum+Graduate+Teachers%3A+Investigating+Students%E2%80%99+and+Teachers%E2%80%99+Perceptions&rft.jtitle=Education+research+international&rft.au=Ahmed+Endris%2C+Abdurahman&rft.au=Hussen+Seid%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Ahmed+Abdel-Al+Ibrahim%2C+Khaled&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.issn=2090-4002&rft.eissn=2090-4010&rft.volume=2022&rft.spage=1&rft.epage=6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2022%2F1599038&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1155_2022_1599038
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2090-4002&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2090-4002&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2090-4002&client=summon