Memory retention of conditioned aversion training in New Zealand's alpine parrot, the kea
New Zealand pest control operations commonly deploy toxic sodium fluoroacetate (1080) baits to control introduced mammalian predators and protect vulnerable native fauna, yet the highly intelligent kea (Nestor notabilis) is at risk of mortality following ingestion of toxic baits intended for their p...
Saved in:
Published in | The Journal of wildlife management Vol. 86; no. 5 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
01.07.2022
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | New Zealand pest control operations commonly deploy toxic sodium fluoroacetate (1080) baits to control introduced mammalian predators and protect vulnerable native fauna, yet the highly intelligent kea (Nestor notabilis) is at risk of mortality following ingestion of toxic baits intended for their protection. We tested the retention of conditioned aversion in 11 captive kea that had learned to avoid baits containing the bird repellent anthraquinone alongside color, olfactory, and taste cues. We revisited kea over increasing time intervals (3 days, 5 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 yr) offering them otherwise identical non‐repellent baits. Kea retained their aversion until the final session, 1 year after previous exposure to reinforcement, and almost 2 years since previous exposure to repellent. Whether the kea forgot their aversion or the repeated exposures to non‐repellent baits resulted in extinction of the aversion, our results indicate that kea are capable of remembering an aversion for long enough to be of practical use to conservation managers in reducing kea mortality through 1080 operations.
Pest control operations can result in accidental by‐kill of kea, New Zealand's endangered alpine parrot. This study demonstrates kea can learn and remember conditioned taste aversion to baits resembling poison for at least 10 months, long enough to be of use to train avoidance in the wild. |
---|---|
AbstractList | New Zealand pest control operations commonly deploy toxic sodium fluoroacetate (1080) baits to control introduced mammalian predators and protect vulnerable native fauna, yet the highly intelligent kea (Nestor notabilis) is at risk of mortality following ingestion of toxic baits intended for their protection. We tested the retention of conditioned aversion in 11 captive kea that had learned to avoid baits containing the bird repellent anthraquinone alongside color, olfactory, and taste cues. We revisited kea over increasing time intervals (3 days, 5 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 yr) offering them otherwise identical non‐repellent baits. Kea retained their aversion until the final session, 1 year after previous exposure to reinforcement, and almost 2 years since previous exposure to repellent. Whether the kea forgot their aversion or the repeated exposures to non‐repellent baits resulted in extinction of the aversion, our results indicate that kea are capable of remembering an aversion for long enough to be of practical use to conservation managers in reducing kea mortality through 1080 operations.
Pest control operations can result in accidental by‐kill of kea, New Zealand's endangered alpine parrot. This study demonstrates kea can learn and remember conditioned taste aversion to baits resembling poison for at least 10 months, long enough to be of use to train avoidance in the wild. |
Author | Nelson, Ximena J. McLean, Lydia R. W. Taylor, Alex H. Nichols, Margaret M. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lydia R. W. orcidid: 0000-0001-9413-9967 surname: McLean fullname: McLean, Lydia R. W. email: lydiamclean@gmail.com organization: University of Canterbury – sequence: 2 givenname: Margaret M. surname: Nichols fullname: Nichols, Margaret M. organization: Zero Invasive Predators Ltd – sequence: 3 givenname: Alex H. surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Alex H. organization: University of Auckland – sequence: 4 givenname: Ximena J. surname: Nelson fullname: Nelson, Ximena J. organization: University of Canterbury |
BookMark | eNotkLtOwzAUhi1UJNrCwhN4YyHFJ07seEQVFFALC4jLEjn2cXFJncqJWvXtaQr_8l-OdIZvRAahCUjIJbAJMJberHbr5SQ9CE7IEBSXSVqAHJDh4ZgmeQYfZ2TUtivGOEAhhuRzgesm7mnEDkPnm0AbR00TrO8LWqq3GNt-76L2wYcl9YE-445-oa51sFct1fXGB6QbHWPTXdPuG-kP6nNy6nTd4sW_j8nb_d3r9CGZv8wep7fzxHAuIUGTFxmqXDCpKmGMzVlhbWYEaucKARwrJV0mhVKVFCZNM6Fzox2zoCqGjo8J_P3d-Rr35Sb6tY77EljZEyl7IuWRSPn0vpgdE_8FW_9ZsQ |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1080_03014223_2023_2274838 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10071_022_01733_2 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2022 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2022 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. |
DBID | 24P WIN |
DOI | 10.1002/jwmg.22221 |
DatabaseName | Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Collection Wiley Online Library Free Content |
DatabaseTitleList | |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: 24P name: Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Collection url: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-science/open-access/browse-journals.html sourceTypes: Publisher |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Agriculture |
EISSN | 1937-2817 |
EndPage | n/a |
ExternalDocumentID | JWMG22221 |
Genre | article |
GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: University of Canterbury funderid: Doctoral Scholarship – fundername: Templeton World Charity Foundation funderid: TWCF0310 |
GroupedDBID | -JH -~X 05W 0R~ 10A 123 1OC 24P 29L 2AX 31~ 33P 3SF 3V. 41~ 52S 52U 5GY 7X2 7XC 8-1 88A 88I 8CJ 8FE 8FH 8FW 8G5 A.K A00 AAESR AAEVG AAHBH AAHHS AAHKG AANLZ AAONW AAPSS AASGY AAXRX AAZKR ABBHK ABCUV ABDQB ABEFU ABJNI ABPLY ABPPZ ABTAH ABTLG ABUWG ABXSQ ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFO ACGFS ACGOD ACNCT ACPOU ACPRK ACQAM ACXBN ACXQS ADACV ADBBV ADEOM ADHSS ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADOZA ADULT ADXAS ADZMN AEEZP AEGXH AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEPYG AEQDE AEUPB AEUQT AEUYR AFAZZ AFBPY AFFIJ AFFPM AFGKR AFKRA AFNWH AFPWT AFRAH AGUYK AHBTC AI. AIAGR AIDBO AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE AJXKR AKPMI ALAGY ALEEW ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AMBMR AMYDB ANHSF AQVQM ASPBG ATCPS ATUGU AUFTA AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZQEC AZVAB BAFTC BBNVY BDRZF BENPR BES BFHJK BHBCM BHPHI BKOMP BKSAR BMNLL BMXJE BNHUX BPHCQ BRXPI CAG CBGCD CCPQU COF CS3 D0L D1J DC7 DCZOG DOOOF DRFUL DRSTM DWQXO EBS ECGQY EJD EQZMY F1Z FEDTE G-S GNUQQ GODZA GTFYD GUQSH H.T H.X H13 HCIFZ HF~ HGD HGLYW HTVGU HVGLF HZ~ IL9 IPSME JAAYA JBMMH JBS JENOY JHFFW JKQEH JLS JLXEF JPM JSODD JST LATKE LEEKS LITHE LK5 LK8 LOXES LPU LUTES LYRES M0K M0L M2O M2P M7P M7R MEWTI MRFUL MRSTM MSFUL MSSTM MXFUL MXSTM MY~ NEJ NF~ NHB O66 O9- P2P P2W P4E PADUT PATMY PCBAR PQ0 PQQKQ PROAC PYCSY Q.N Q5J QB0 R05 RBO ROL RXW SA0 SUPJJ TAE TN5 TWZ UKR UQL VH1 VJK VQP WBKPD WH7 WHWMO WIH WIK WIN WLO WOHZO WVDHM WXSBR XG1 XJT XOL XSW YQT YV5 ZCA ZCG ZO4 ZY4 ZZTAW ~02 ~KM ~S- |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c3371-ec584e956079b6ccd508dd4c6eaff8613eb97f47699b76c2246a5caf0d19b0ef3 |
IEDL.DBID | 24P |
ISSN | 0022-541X |
IngestDate | Sat Aug 24 00:56:03 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 5 |
Language | English |
License | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c3371-ec584e956079b6ccd508dd4c6eaff8613eb97f47699b76c2246a5caf0d19b0ef3 |
ORCID | 0000-0001-9413-9967 |
OpenAccessLink | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22221 |
PageCount | 10 |
ParticipantIDs | wiley_primary_10_1002_jwmg_22221_JWMG22221 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | July 2022 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-07-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2022 text: July 2022 |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationTitle | The Journal of wildlife management |
PublicationYear | 2022 |
References | 2021; 24 2017; 41 2015; 39 2011; 117 2010; 57 2015; 71 2015; 303 1995; 38 2020; 242 2000; 46 2015; 72 2020; 16 2000; 93 2020; 11 1974; 185 2018; 42 1998; 18 2018; 8 1996; 29 2011; 129 2000; 14 1991; 88 2015; 42 2012; 137 1988 1997; 61 2010; 36 2000; 27 1980; 29 2016; 19 2011 2017; 27 2013; 40 2006; 9 1997; 24 2009 1999; 23 2008 2020; 225 1996 1994 1983; 39 2012; 36 2012; 147 2016; 17 2007; 55 2016; 12 1999 1995; 42 1927; 142 2010; 47 2010; 46 2019; 43 2020 2020; 230 2017; 12 2014; 38 2003; 140 2017 1994; 18 2014 |
References_xml | – year: 2011 – volume: 16 year: 2020 article-title: Long‐term memory for a learned behaviour in a wild bird publication-title: Biology Letters – year: 2009 article-title: Population estimations of wild kea ( ) – volume: 71 start-page: 1075 year: 2015 end-page: 1081 article-title: Bird‐repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests publication-title: Pest Management Science – volume: 38 start-page: 116 year: 2014 end-page: 123 article-title: Efficacy of bird repellents at deterring North Island robins ( ) and tomtits ( ) from baits publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 129 start-page: 162 year: 2011 end-page: 169 article-title: Anthraquinone‐based bird repellent for sunflower crops publication-title: Applied Animal Behaviour Science – volume: 8 year: 2018 article-title: Habitual tool use innovated by free‐living New Zealand kea publication-title: Scientific Reports – volume: 11 start-page: 828 year: 2020 article-title: Kea show three signatures of domain‐general statistical inference publication-title: Nature Communications – volume: 140 start-page: 1091 year: 2003 end-page: 1115 article-title: A comparative analysis of social play in birds publication-title: Behaviour – volume: 9 start-page: 173 year: 2006 end-page: 181 article-title: Limited spread of innovation in a wild parrot, the kea ( ) publication-title: Animal Cognition – volume: 88 start-page: 128 year: 1991 end-page: 144 article-title: Social behavior and the ontogeny of foraging in the kea ( ) publication-title: Ethology – volume: 24 start-page: 1339 year: 2021 end-page: 1351 article-title: Kea ( ) show flexibility and individuality in within‐session reversal learning tasks publication-title: Animal Cognition – volume: 42 start-page: 104 year: 2015 end-page: 118 article-title: Palatability and efficacy to possums and rats of pest control baits containing bird repellents publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Zoology – year: 2014 – year: 1994 – volume: 29 start-page: 532 year: 1980 end-page: 536 article-title: Field application of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm to the control of coyote predation on sheep and turkeys publication-title: Behavioral and Neural Biology – volume: 46 start-page: 77 year: 2000 end-page: 80 article-title: Investigation of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) bait shyness in wild brushtail possum ( ) populations publication-title: International Journal of Pest Management – volume: 42 start-page: 187 year: 1995 end-page: 202 article-title: Identification of fledgling and juvenile kaka ( ) publication-title: Notornis – volume: 27 start-page: 69 year: 2000 end-page: 74 article-title: The role of non‐toxic prefeed and postfeed in the development and maintenance of 1080 bait shyness in captive brushtail possums publication-title: Wildlife Research – volume: 93 start-page: 255 year: 2000 end-page: 263 article-title: Colour preferences and coloured bait consumption by weka , an endemic New Zealand rail publication-title: Biological Conservation – volume: 57 start-page: 98 year: 2010 end-page: 99 article-title: Scavenging behaviour of kea ( ) publication-title: Notornis – volume: 42 start-page: 158 year: 2018 end-page: 168 article-title: Effects of the aerial application of 1080 to control pest mammals on kea reproductive success publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 39 start-page: 181 year: 1983 end-page: 191 article-title: Assessment of retention capacities in old rats publication-title: Behavioral and Neural Biology – volume: 43 start-page: 3351 year: 2019 article-title: Kea survival during aerial poisoning for rat and possum control publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 47 start-page: 558 year: 2010 end-page: 565 article-title: Conditioned taste aversion enhances the survival of an endangered predator imperilled by a toxic invader publication-title: Journal of Applied Ecology – volume: 55 start-page: 149 year: 2007 end-page: 151 article-title: Death by chocolate: a fatal problem for an inquisitive wild parrot publication-title: New Zealand Veterinary Journal – volume: 14 start-page: 1317 year: 2000 end-page: 1326 article-title: Training captive‐bred or translocated animals to avoid predators publication-title: Conservation Biology – volume: 230 year: 2020 article-title: Conditioned aversion in kea to cereal bait: a captive study using anthraquinone publication-title: Applied Animal Behaviour Science – volume: 225 year: 2020 article-title: Using conditioned taste aversion to reduce human‐nonhuman primate conflict: a comparison of four potentially illness‐inducing drugs publication-title: Applied Animal Behaviour Science – volume: 40 start-page: 137 year: 2013 end-page: 144 article-title: The effect of colour on bait consumption of kea ( ): implications for deterring birds from toxic baits publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Zoology – volume: 36 start-page: 56 year: 2012 end-page: 63 article-title: Anthropogenic lead (pb) exposure in populations of a wild parrot (kea ) publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 12 start-page: 112 year: 2017 end-page: 120 article-title: Eliciting conditioned taste aversion in lizards: live toxic prey are more effective than scent and taste cues alone publication-title: Integrative Zoology – volume: 17 start-page: 200 year: 2016 end-page: 209 article-title: Large‐scale pest control in New Zealand beech forests publication-title: Ecological Management & Restoration – volume: 36 start-page: 702 year: 2010 end-page: 708 article-title: Conditioned taste aversion reduces fox depredation on model eggs on beaches publication-title: Wildlife Research – volume: 142 year: 1927 – year: 1996 – volume: 12 year: 2016 article-title: Ecological immunization: In situ training of free‐ranging predatory lizards reduces their vulnerability to invasive toxic prey publication-title: Biology Letters – year: 2020 article-title: Aerial 1080 in kea habitat Code of Practice – volume: 46 start-page: 532 year: 2010 end-page: 540 article-title: Evidence of lead exposure in a free‐ranging population of kea ( ) publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Diseases – volume: 117 start-page: 749 year: 2011 end-page: 757 article-title: School for skinks: can conditioned taste aversion enable bluetongue lizards ( ) to avoid toxic cane toads ( ) as prey? publication-title: Ethology – volume: 185 start-page: 824 year: 1974 end-page: 831 article-title: Behavioral regulation of the milieu interne in man and rat publication-title: Science – volume: 39 start-page: 254 year: 2015 end-page: 261 article-title: Intraspecific variation in the foraging ecology of kea, the world's only mountain‐and rainforest‐dwelling parrot publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 23 start-page: 175 year: 1999 end-page: 182 article-title: Secondary poisoning of stoats after an aerial 1080 poison operation in Pureora Forest, New Zealand publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – year: 2008 article-title: Exploration—avoidance and an anthropogenic toxin (lead pb) in a wild parrot (kea: ) – volume: 18 start-page: 87 year: 1994 end-page: 107 article-title: Foods and foraging of forest birds in temperate rainforest, South Westland, New Zealand publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 23 start-page: 255 year: 1999 end-page: 259 article-title: Colour preferences in North Island robins ( ): implications for deterring birds from poisonous baits publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 41 start-page: 178 year: 2017 end-page: 185 article-title: Visual and taste cues for minimising native bird interactions with toxic 1080 baits—a review of current practices publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 29 start-page: 417 year: 1996 end-page: 431 article-title: Learning and retention of conditioned aversions by freely feeding chicks publication-title: Developmental Psychobiology – volume: 61 start-page: 1359 year: 1997 end-page: 1365 article-title: Feeding deterrence of anthraquinone, anthracene, and anthrone to rice‐eating birds publication-title: Journal of Wildlife Management – volume: 72 start-page: 158 year: 2015 end-page: 162 article-title: Anthraquinone‐based repellent for horned larks, great‐tailed grackles, American crows and the protection of California's specialty crops publication-title: Crop Protection – volume: 24 start-page: 239 year: 1997 end-page: 242 article-title: Effect of green dye and cinnamon oil on consumption of cereal pest baits by captive North Island kaka ( ) publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Zoology – volume: 43 start-page: 3373 year: 2019 article-title: Attempting local elimination of possums (and rats) using dual aerial 1080 baiting publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Ecology – volume: 38 start-page: 29 year: 1995 end-page: 531 article-title: Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits under simulated rainfall publication-title: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research – volume: 18 start-page: 338 year: 1998 end-page: 344 – volume: 147 start-page: 133 year: 2012 end-page: 142 article-title: Alpine flora may depend on declining frugivorous parrot for seed dispersal publication-title: Biological Conservation – volume: 19 start-page: 965 year: 2016 end-page: 975 article-title: Reasoning by exclusion in the kea ( ) publication-title: Animal Cognition – volume: 27 start-page: R213 year: 2017 end-page: R214 article-title: Positive emotional contagion in a New Zealand parrot publication-title: Current Biology – start-page: 1994 year: 1994 article-title: Kea: the feisty parrot – volume: 137 start-page: 80 year: 2012 end-page: 85 article-title: Effectiveness of the bird repellents anthraquinone and d‐pulegone on an endemic New Zealand parrot, the kea ( ) publication-title: Applied Animal Behaviour Science – year: 2017 – year: 1988 article-title: Diet and feeding behaviour of the kea ( ) – volume: 242 year: 2020 article-title: Reducing nest predation of ground‐nesting birds through conditioned food aversion publication-title: Biological Conservation – volume: 303 start-page: 34 year: 2015 end-page: 41 article-title: Extinction of conditioned taste aversion is related to the aversion strength and associated with c‐fos expression in the insular cortex publication-title: Neuroscience – year: 1999 – start-page: 114 year: 2008 end-page: 133 |
SSID | ssj0031186 |
Score | 2.4262924 |
Snippet | New Zealand pest control operations commonly deploy toxic sodium fluoroacetate (1080) baits to control introduced mammalian predators and protect vulnerable... |
SourceID | wiley |
SourceType | Publisher |
SubjectTerms | conditioned aversion conservation behavior conservation management kea learning Nestor notabilis parrot |
Title | Memory retention of conditioned aversion training in New Zealand's alpine parrot, the kea |
URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22221 |
Volume | 86 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LSwMxEA6lXvQgPvFNDoIgxmY3u8kGvBSxlkLFg8V6WvIsvmppq-K_d7KPFo_e9pCFzczOfN-EmS8InaaWOsp0RDKuGUm4VkR5akjkmbHGaapFmB3u3_HuIOkN02EDXdWzMKU-xOLALURGka9DgCs9ay1FQ1--30eXgG5hinwFeE0W_uk4ua_zMAPqzGut8DSJhgtx0ri1fPcvJy1ApbOB1is2iNul-zZRw4230Fp7NK0UMdw2euqHXtgfPA3sNlgRf3gMRawtRYYsVl_lkReub3vAz2MMuQtXbYtnM6zeJrBdPAmCi_MLDJwPvzq1gwadm4frLqnuQyCGMRERZ4AtuFDQCKm5MRbIlbWJ4U55nwEuOy2FTwSXUgtuglScSg2Y3kZSU-fZLmqO4cv2EBZMUqVEqhnNEohxKPOojB34CsDL0WwfnRdmySel5kVeqhvHebBcXlgu7z32b4ung_8sPkSrcfBI0fF6hJrz6ac7Blyf65PCfb__IZ9Q |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,11589,27957,27958,46087,46511 |
linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LT8MwDI7QOAAHxFO8yQEJCVGWNm3SHifEGGOdOGxinKq8OvEa0xgg_j122w1x5JZDI6W2bH-27M-EnESWOca178VCcy8UWnkqZ8bzc26scZppibPDaVe0-mF7EA2q3hychSn5IeYFN7SMwl-jgWNBuv7LGvr09Tq8gPCGY-SLuNIb7TII72aOmAN2FjOy8Cj0B3N20qD-e_cvKC2iSnONrFZwkDZK_a2TBTfaICuN4aSixHCb5CHFZthvOkF4i2KkbzmFLNaWLEOWqs-y5kVn6x7o44iC86JV3-LpO1UvY_hfOkbGxek5BdBHn53aIv3mVe-y5VULETzDufQ9ZwAuOMxoZKKFMRbQlbWhEU7leQyB2elE5qEUSaKlMMgVpyIDsrd-opnL-TapjeBlO4RKnjClZKQ5i0MwcsjzWBI4UBZEL8fiXXJWiCUbl6QXWUlvHGQouayQXNa-T6-L095_Pj4mS61e2sk6N93bfbIcoHaK9tcDUptOPtwhBPmpPipU-QOdyKKx |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LSwMxEA6lguhBfOLbHARBXJvdZJNd8FLUWqstPVispyWvLb7qUqviv3eyj4pHb3vIQjLDzPdNmPmC0GFoiCVU-V7EFfUYV9KTKdGen1JttFVECTc73O3x9oB1huGwhs6qWZhCH2J24eYiI8_XLsAzkzZ-RUOfvl5Hp4Bubop8jnESudIrYP0qD1OgzrzSCg-ZP5yJkwaN33__ctIcVFrLaKlkg7hZuG8F1ex4FS02R5NSEcOuoYeu64X9xhPHbp0V8VuKoYg1hciQwfKzuPLC1WsP-HGMIXfhsm3x6B3LlwyOizMnuDg9wcD58LOV62jQurw7b3vlewieplT4ntXAFqwraESsuNYGyJUxTHMr0zQCXLYqFikTPI6V4NpJxclQg-mNHytiU7qB6mPY2SbCgsZEShEqSiIGMQ5lHokDC74C8LIk2kLHuVmSrNC8SAp14yBxlktyyyWd--5V_rX9n8UHaL5_0Upur3s3O2ghcM7Jm193UX06-bB7APFTtZ978gf72aHj |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memory+retention+of+conditioned+aversion+training+in+New+Zealand%27s+alpine+parrot%2C+the+kea&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+wildlife+management&rft.au=McLean%2C+Lydia+R.+W.&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Margaret+M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Alex+H.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Ximena+J.&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.issn=0022-541X&rft.eissn=1937-2817&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=5&rft.epage=n%2Fa&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22221&rft.externalDBID=10.1002%252Fjwmg.22221&rft.externalDocID=JWMG22221 |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0022-541X&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0022-541X&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0022-541X&client=summon |