Defining the Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve and Its Clinical Relevance for the Neurosurgical Treatment of Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

• Published in: Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery Vol. 97; no. 4; p. 244
• Main Authors: Krüger, Marie T, Dong, Charles C J, Honey, Christopher R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland 01.12.2019
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glossopharyngeal Nerve - anatomy & histology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve - physiology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve - surgery; Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases - diagnosis; Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases - surgery; Humans; Male; Microvascular Decompression Surgery - methods; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Intraoperative - methods; Neurosurgical Procedures - methods; Pain Measurement - methods; Postoperative Complications - diagnosis; Postoperative Complications - prevention & control; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Vagus Nerve - anatomy & histology; Vagus Nerve - physiology; Glossopharyngeal nerve; Microvascular decompression; Vagus nerve; Glossopharyngeal neuralgia; Hemi-laryngopharyngeal spasm
• DOI: 10.1159/000504263

The neurosurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia includes microvascular decompression or rhizotomy of the nerve. When considering open section of the glossopharyngeal nerve, numerous authors have recommended additional sectioning of the 'upper rootlets' of the vagus nerve because these fibers can occasionally carry the pain fibers causing the patient's symptoms. Sacrifice of vagus nerve rootlets, however, carries the potential risk of dysphagia and dysphonia. In this study, the anatomy and physiology of the vagus nerve rootlets are characterized to provide guidance for surgical decision-making. Twelve patients who underwent posterior fossa craniotomy with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the vagus nerve rootlets were included in this study. In the 7 patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, the clinical outcomes and complications were further analyzed. In half of the patients, electrophysiological data demonstrated pure sensory function in the rostral rootlet(s) of the vagus nerve and motor responses in its caudal rootlets. This orientation of the vagus nerve, with some pure sensory function in its most rostral rootlet(s), was defined as Type A. In the other half of patients, all vagus nerve rootlets (including the most rostral) had motor responses. This was defined as Type B. The surgical strategy was guided by whether the patient had a Type A or Type B vagus nerve. For those with Type B, no vagus nerve rootlets were sacrificed. None of the patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia developed any permanent neurological deficits. We recommend intraoperative electrophysiological testing of the vagus nerve rootlets. If the testing reveals motor innervation in the rostral vagal rootlet (Type B), that rootlet may be decompressed but should not be sectioned to avoid a motor complication. Patients with pure sensory innervation of the rostral rootlet(s) (Type A) can have decompression or section of those rootlets without complication.