The Theology of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica: A Preliminary Survey

The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally...

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Published inNeue Zeitschrift für systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Vol. 52; no. 4; pp. 377 - 412
Main Author Snobelen, Stephen D.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG 01.12.2010
De Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0028-3517
1612-9520
DOI10.1515/nzst.2010.023

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Abstract The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally associated with theology and natural theology. The fact that the General Scholium – with its overt theological and natural theological themes – was only added to the Principia a quarter-century later with the second edition of 1713 may also suggest that this theology came as an afterthought and is therefore not integral to the conceptual structure of the Principia. Moreover, the relative paucity of theology in the first edition, combined with the evidence of the appended General Scholium of 1713, could be used as evidence of a ‘theological turn’ in Newton's thought after 1687. This article uses evidence from Newton's private manuscripts to argue that there is more theology in all three editions of the Principia than a simple reading of the published text would imply. This article also demonstrates that the seeds of Newton's theological conception of Nature and the cosmos – conceptions that can be found in manuscripts beginning in the early 1690s, and that are acknowledged in the General Scholium of 1713 – are already present in Newton's private papers prior to 1687. Newton engaged in a great deal of theological writing after 1687, but the period of the composition of the Principia only marks the end of the first third of Newton's six-decade intellectual career and thus it should not be surprising to find more theology after the Principia than before. Nevertheless, there are important theological writings going back to the 1660s that show that Newton's strongly biblical and providentialist theology pre-dates the Principia and, crucially, that his theological conception of the cosmos does as well. The first edition of the Principia, therefore, was composed after Newton had begun to formulate his theology and theological understanding of the cosmos. Die erste Ausgabe von Isaak Newtons Principia mathematica (1687) enthält einen einzigen Schriftbezug und nur einmal wird Bezug auf Gott oder natürliche Theologie genommen. Oberflächlich betrachtet scheint dieses zentrale Werk der modernen Physik weitestgehend säkular zu sein, ohne grundlegenden Einfluss von Theologie oder natürlicher Theologie. Das General Scholium, das offen von theologischen Themen und natürlicher Theologie durchzogen ist, wurde den Principia erst in der zweiten Auflage 1713 hinzugefügt. Auch dies scheint darauf hinzuweisen, dass dessen Theologie späterer Zusatz ist und daher nicht Bestandteil der Grundstruktur der Principia. Weiterhin könnte aus dem geringen theologischen Anteil in der ersten Ausgabe und dem Befund des General Scholium von 1713 auf eine »theologische Wende« Newtons nach 1687 geschlossen werden. In diesem Artikel werden Newtons private Manuskripte dazu verwendet, zu zeigen, dass in allen drei Auflagen der Principia mehr Theologie enthalten ist, als eine einfache Lektüre des veröffentlichten Textes impliziert. Zudem nimmt dieser Artikel Bezug auf Newtons Konzeptionen der Natur und des Kosmos, die in seinen privaten Papieren schon vor 1687 zu finden sind. Diese Konzeptionen, so das Argument, können auch in Manuskripten in den frühen 1690er Jahren gefunden werden, auf die im General Scholium von 1713 verwiesen wird. Nach 1687 produzierte Newton eine größere Zahl theologischer Schriften. Die Fertigstellung der Principia markiert allerdings nur das Ende des ersten Drittels von Newtons 60jähriger intellektueller Karriere – es sollte also nicht verwundern, dass sich nach den Principia mehr theologische Schriften nachweisen lassen als vorher. Newtons stark biblische und providentialistische Theologie reicht bis weit vor die Abfassung der Principia zurück, wie einige wichtige theologische Schriften zeigen, die bis in die 1660er Jahre zurückreichen. Dies gilt auch für seine theologische Konzeption des Kosmos. Die erste Auflage der Principia ist also entstanden, nachdem Newton begonnen hatte, seine Theologie und sein theologisches Verständnis des Kosmos zu formulieren.
AbstractList The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally associated with theology and natural theology. The fact that the General Scholium – with its overt theological and natural theological themes – was only added to the Principia a quarter-century later with the second edition of 1713 may also suggest that this theology came as an afterthought and is therefore not integral to the conceptual structure of the Principia. Moreover, the relative paucity of theology in the first edition, combined with the evidence of the appended General Scholium of 1713, could be used as evidence of a ‘theological turn’ in Newton's thought after 1687. This article uses evidence from Newton's private manuscripts to argue that there is more theology in all three editions of the Principia than a simple reading of the published text would imply. This article also demonstrates that the seeds of Newton's theological conception of Nature and the cosmos – conceptions that can be found in manuscripts beginning in the early 1690s, and that are acknowledged in the General Scholium of 1713 – are already present in Newton's private papers prior to 1687. Newton engaged in a great deal of theological writing after 1687, but the period of the composition of the Principia only marks the end of the first third of Newton's six-decade intellectual career and thus it should not be surprising to find more theology after the Principia than before. Nevertheless, there are important theological writings going back to the 1660s that show that Newton's strongly biblical and providentialist theology pre-dates the Principia and, crucially, that his theological conception of the cosmos does as well. The first edition of the Principia, therefore, was composed after Newton had begun to formulate his theology and theological understanding of the cosmos. Die erste Ausgabe von Isaak Newtons Principia mathematica (1687) enthält einen einzigen Schriftbezug und nur einmal wird Bezug auf Gott oder natürliche Theologie genommen. Oberflächlich betrachtet scheint dieses zentrale Werk der modernen Physik weitestgehend säkular zu sein, ohne grundlegenden Einfluss von Theologie oder natürlicher Theologie. Das General Scholium, das offen von theologischen Themen und natürlicher Theologie durchzogen ist, wurde den Principia erst in der zweiten Auflage 1713 hinzugefügt. Auch dies scheint darauf hinzuweisen, dass dessen Theologie späterer Zusatz ist und daher nicht Bestandteil der Grundstruktur der Principia. Weiterhin könnte aus dem geringen theologischen Anteil in der ersten Ausgabe und dem Befund des General Scholium von 1713 auf eine »theologische Wende« Newtons nach 1687 geschlossen werden. In diesem Artikel werden Newtons private Manuskripte dazu verwendet, zu zeigen, dass in allen drei Auflagen der Principia mehr Theologie enthalten ist, als eine einfache Lektüre des veröffentlichten Textes impliziert. Zudem nimmt dieser Artikel Bezug auf Newtons Konzeptionen der Natur und des Kosmos, die in seinen privaten Papieren schon vor 1687 zu finden sind. Diese Konzeptionen, so das Argument, können auch in Manuskripten in den frühen 1690er Jahren gefunden werden, auf die im General Scholium von 1713 verwiesen wird. Nach 1687 produzierte Newton eine größere Zahl theologischer Schriften. Die Fertigstellung der Principia markiert allerdings nur das Ende des ersten Drittels von Newtons 60jähriger intellektueller Karriere – es sollte also nicht verwundern, dass sich nach den Principia mehr theologische Schriften nachweisen lassen als vorher. Newtons stark biblische und providentialistische Theologie reicht bis weit vor die Abfassung der Principia zurück, wie einige wichtige theologische Schriften zeigen, die bis in die 1660er Jahre zurückreichen. Dies gilt auch für seine theologische Konzeption des Kosmos. Die erste Auflage der Principia ist also entstanden, nachdem Newton begonnen hatte, seine Theologie und sein theologisches Verständnis des Kosmos zu formulieren.
The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally associated with theology and natural theology. The fact that the General Scholium - with its overt theological and natural theological themes - was only added to the Principia a quarter-century later with the second edition of 1713 may also suggest that this theology came as an afterthought and is therefore not integral to the conceptual structure of the Principia. Moreover, the relative paucity of theology in the first edition, combined with the evidence of the appended General Scholium of 1713, could be used as evidence of a 'theological turn' in Newton's thought after 1687. This article uses evidence from Newton's private manuscripts to argue that there is more theology in all three editions of the Principia than a simple reading of the published text would imply. This article also demonstrates that the seeds of Newton's theological conception of Nature and the cosmos - conceptions that can be found in manuscripts beginning in the early 1690s, and that are acknowledged in the General Scholium of 1713 - are already present in Newton's private papers prior to 1687. Newton engaged in a great deal of theological writing after 1687, but the period of the composition of the Principia only marks the end of the first third of Newton's six-decade intellectual career and thus it should not be surprising to find more theology after the Principia than before. Nevertheless, there are important theological writings going back to the 1660s that show that Newton's strongly biblical and providentialist theology pre-dates the Principia and, crucially, that his theological conception of the cosmos does as well. The first edition of the Principia, therefore, was composed after Newton had begun to formulate his theology and theological understanding of the cosmos. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author Snobelen, Stephen D.
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SubjectTerms 17th-18th century
Bible
Christianity
Conceptual structure
Cosmology
Doctrine and exegesis
General subjects
God
History and sciences of religions
Mathematicians
Modern period
Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)
Physics
Scriptures
Theology
Title The Theology of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica: A Preliminary Survey
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