Influence of the 2021 Brood X cicada emergence on near surface hydrology in forested and urban landscapes
The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii, and M. septendecula) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. The emergence left connected burrows visible at the surface, which are hypothesized to affect...
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Published in | Hydrological processes Vol. 37; no. 2 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Hoboken, USA
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.02.2023
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Abstract | The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii, and M. septendecula) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. The emergence left connected burrows visible at the surface, which are hypothesized to affect near surface hydrologic processes. To investigate these processes, we used single‐ring, dual head infiltrometers to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs, n = 70) across patterns of emergence and land use in south‐central Indiana, USA. Our experimental design included locations with and without cicada burrows in forested (undisturbed) and urbanized (disturbed) areas. Across undisturbed sites, we found a significant 80.8% increase in Kfs between soils with (median = 14.1 cm/h; n = 20) and without (median = 7.8 cm/h; n = 20) cicada burrows. At disturbed sites, we found no significant difference in Kfs between sites with (median = 4.2 cm/h; n = 18) and without (median = 4.4 cm/h; n = 12) cicada burrows. We found a significant correlation between the number of burrows present at the surface and Kfs rates for undisturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = 0.42; p = 0.008), while no correlation was found for the disturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = −0.09; p = 0.62). Our measurements suggest that the effect of burrows on Kfs is minimized in urbanized areas, potentially due to compaction and other impacts from human disturbance that mitigate the presence of macropores left by cicadas. In contrast, surface‐connected macroporosity from Brood X cicada burrows in undisturbed areas act as a conduit for precipitation into the soil profile and bypass flow into deeper horizons and the shallow groundwater table, with implications for runoff dynamics, soil and groundwater recharge and quality, and nutrient cycling. |
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AbstractList | The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii, and M. septendecula) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. The emergence left connected burrows visible at the surface, which are hypothesized to affect near surface hydrologic processes. To investigate these processes, we used single‐ring, dual head infiltrometers to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs, n = 70) across patterns of emergence and land use in south‐central Indiana, USA. Our experimental design included locations with and without cicada burrows in forested (undisturbed) and urbanized (disturbed) areas. Across undisturbed sites, we found a significant 80.8% increase in Kfs between soils with (median = 14.1 cm/h; n = 20) and without (median = 7.8 cm/h; n = 20) cicada burrows. At disturbed sites, we found no significant difference in Kfs between sites with (median = 4.2 cm/h; n = 18) and without (median = 4.4 cm/h; n = 12) cicada burrows. We found a significant correlation between the number of burrows present at the surface and Kfs rates for undisturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = 0.42; p = 0.008), while no correlation was found for the disturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = −0.09; p = 0.62). Our measurements suggest that the effect of burrows on Kfs is minimized in urbanized areas, potentially due to compaction and other impacts from human disturbance that mitigate the presence of macropores left by cicadas. In contrast, surface‐connected macroporosity from Brood X cicada burrows in undisturbed areas act as a conduit for precipitation into the soil profile and bypass flow into deeper horizons and the shallow groundwater table, with implications for runoff dynamics, soil and groundwater recharge and quality, and nutrient cycling. The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii, and M. septendecula) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. The emergence left connected burrows visible at the surface, which are hypothesized to affect near surface hydrologic processes. To investigate these processes, we used single‐ring, dual head infiltrometers to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs, n = 70) across patterns of emergence and land use in south‐central Indiana, USA. Our experimental design included locations with and without cicada burrows in forested (undisturbed) and urbanized (disturbed) areas. Across undisturbed sites, we found a significant 80.8% increase in Kfs between soils with (median = 14.1 cm/h; n = 20) and without (median = 7.8 cm/h; n = 20) cicada burrows. At disturbed sites, we found no significant difference in Kfs between sites with (median = 4.2 cm/h; n = 18) and without (median = 4.4 cm/h; n = 12) cicada burrows. We found a significant correlation between the number of burrows present at the surface and Kfs rates for undisturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = 0.42; p = 0.008), while no correlation was found for the disturbed sites (ρ$$ \rho $$ = −0.09; p = 0.62). Our measurements suggest that the effect of burrows on Kfs is minimized in urbanized areas, potentially due to compaction and other impacts from human disturbance that mitigate the presence of macropores left by cicadas. In contrast, surface‐connected macroporosity from Brood X cicada burrows in undisturbed areas act as a conduit for precipitation into the soil profile and bypass flow into deeper horizons and the shallow groundwater table, with implications for runoff dynamics, soil and groundwater recharge and quality, and nutrient cycling. The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas ( Magicicada septendecim , M. cassinii , and M. septendecula ) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. The emergence left connected burrows visible at the surface, which are hypothesized to affect near surface hydrologic processes. To investigate these processes, we used single‐ring, dual head infiltrometers to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K fs , n = 70) across patterns of emergence and land use in south‐central Indiana, USA. Our experimental design included locations with and without cicada burrows in forested (undisturbed) and urbanized (disturbed) areas. Across undisturbed sites, we found a significant 80.8% increase in K fs between soils with (median = 14.1 cm/h; n = 20) and without (median = 7.8 cm/h; n = 20) cicada burrows. At disturbed sites, we found no significant difference in K fs between sites with (median = 4.2 cm/h; n = 18) and without (median = 4.4 cm/h; n = 12) cicada burrows. We found a significant correlation between the number of burrows present at the surface and K fs rates for undisturbed sites ( = 0.42; p = 0.008), while no correlation was found for the disturbed sites ( = −0.09; p = 0.62). Our measurements suggest that the effect of burrows on K fs is minimized in urbanized areas, potentially due to compaction and other impacts from human disturbance that mitigate the presence of macropores left by cicadas. In contrast, surface‐connected macroporosity from Brood X cicada burrows in undisturbed areas act as a conduit for precipitation into the soil profile and bypass flow into deeper horizons and the shallow groundwater table, with implications for runoff dynamics, soil and groundwater recharge and quality, and nutrient cycling. |
Author | Hardman, Erin Bergan, Ellen V. Ficklin, Darren L. Adelsperger, Seth Kelleher, Christa Myers, Daniel T. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Darren L. orcidid: 0000-0003-3736-7407 surname: Ficklin fullname: Ficklin, Darren L. email: dficklin@indiana.edu organization: Indiana University – sequence: 2 givenname: Christa orcidid: 0000-0003-3557-201X surname: Kelleher fullname: Kelleher, Christa organization: Lafayette College – sequence: 3 givenname: Ellen V. surname: Bergan fullname: Bergan, Ellen V. organization: Indiana University – sequence: 4 givenname: Daniel T. orcidid: 0000-0002-1932-5775 surname: Myers fullname: Myers, Daniel T. organization: Indiana University – sequence: 5 givenname: Seth surname: Adelsperger fullname: Adelsperger, Seth organization: Indiana University – sequence: 6 givenname: Erin surname: Hardman fullname: Hardman, Erin organization: Indiana University |
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Snippet | The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii, and M. septendecula) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil... The 2021 emergence of the 17‐year Brood X cicadas ( Magicicada septendecim , M. cassinii , and M. septendecula ) saw billions of cicadas emerge from the soil... |
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SubjectTerms | Burrows Cicadidae Correlation Design of experiments Emergence Experimental design Groundwater Groundwater levels Groundwater quality Groundwater recharge Groundwater runoff Groundwater table Human impact Hydraulic conductivity Hydrologic processes Hydrology Infiltrometers Land use macropore Macroporosity Nutrient cycles Nutrient dynamics Runoff saturated hydraulic conductivity single ring infiltrometer Soil Soil compaction Soil dynamics Soil profiles Soil properties soil water infiltration Urban environments Water table Zoobenthos |
Title | Influence of the 2021 Brood X cicada emergence on near surface hydrology in forested and urban landscapes |
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