A Novel Technique for Fast Ohmic Resistance Measurement to Evaluate the Aging of Lithium-Ion xEVs Batteries

• Published in: Energies (Basel) Vol. 16; no. 3; p. 1416
• Main Authors: Sheraz, Muhammad, Choi, Woojin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.02.2023
• Subjects: Aging; Analysis; Approximation; Broadband; Climate change; Curve fitting; digital lock-in amplifier (DLIA); Electric vehicles; electric vehicles (EVs); Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); Electrochemistry; Energy storage; energy storage system (ESS); Frequencies; Impedance; Lithium; Lithium cells; Lithium-ion batteries; lithium-ion battery; Mathematical optimization; Methods; ohmic resistance; Reliability (Engineering); Software; Spectroscopy; Spectrum analysis; Storage systems; Testing; South Korea
• DOI: 10.3390/en16031416
• ISSN: 1996-1073

Lithium-ion batteries are gaining more attention due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EVs). Additionally, the industry is putting a lot of effort into reusing EV batteries in energy storage systems (ESS). The optimal performance of the repurposed battery system is highly dependent on the individual batteries used in it. These batteries need to be similar in terms of battery capacity, state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life (RUL). Therefore, battery grading techniques are expected to play a vital role in this newly emerging industry. There are various methods suggested to evaluate the aging of a battery in terms of capacity, SOH, and RUL. The use of ohmic resistance is one approach, as it varies with the aging of the battery. In order to measure the ohmic resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used, followed by the curve fitting procedures. In this research a novel method is suggested to measure the ohmic resistance without performing the broadband conventional EIS test and the curve fitting. Since the battery is perturbed for a specified frequency band (1 kHz to 100 Hz) using the linearly distributed phased multi-sine signal, only 1 sec perturbation is required, and the ohmic resistance can be directly calculated by using two impedance values. Thus, the measurement speed is several times faster than that of the conventional EIS methods. Hence, it is a suitable and convenient technique for the mass testing of the batteries. The accuracy and validity of the proposed technique are verified by testing three types of batteries. The percentage difference in the measured ohmic resistance value between the conventional and the proposed technique is less than 0.15% for all the batteries tested.