Quantum internet building blocks state of research and development

• Published in: Computer networks (Amsterdam, Netherlands : 1999) Vol. 261; no. C; p. 111151
• Main Author: Meddeb, Aref
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.04.2025; Elsevier
• Subjects: Architectures; Building blocks; KPI; Quantum communications; Quantum internet; Quantum internet; KPI; Building blocks; Quantum communications; Architectures
• ISSN: 1389-1286
• DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111151

Breakthrough developments in quantum information technology is paving the way to the Quantum Internet. This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of research and development in the field of Quantum Communications and Quantum Internet. We examine the main building blocks and the latest achievements. By providing a holistic overview of recent achievements, this article fosters a deeper understanding of these building blocks, the related opportunities, and challenges associated with the realization of the Quantum Internet. We also provide some simple pedagogical models aimed to give the reader a clear insight on the interactions between quantum networking elements. A simple Quantum Internet 5Level-3D communication model is also provided, which integrates with, rather than parallels, the classical OSI and TCP/IP models. We further describe deployed testbeds and trials and highlight potential opportunities and challenges for Communication Service Provider's. We also provide some KPIs of quantum technologies and their evolution over the last decade. This article is intended as a self-contained entry level tutorial for newcomers who are not familiar with quantum information theory, but with some background knowledge about classical networking. Academics, students, as well as professionals can use this article to become able to begin researching the Quantum Internet, without having to read a plethora of articles, web pages, and books on the subject.