Water use, energy balance and growth of maize at Samaru, northern Nigeria
Energy and water budget of maize crop grown in a dry sub-humid climate of northern Nigeria were assessed and related to crop performance. The pattern of crop water requirement during the growing season was well matched to the pattern of crop water availability. The period of maximum water requiremen...
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Published in | Agricultural meteorology Vol. 12; no. 3; pp. 391 - 406 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier Ltd
1973
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Energy and water budget of maize crop grown in a dry sub-humid climate of northern Nigeria were assessed and related to crop performance.
The pattern of crop water requirement during the growing season was well matched to the pattern of crop water availability.
The period of maximum water requirement by the crop occurred when the leaf area index was greater than 2.1 and coincided with the period when the amount and frequency of rainfall was greatest. However, under the prevailing climatic conditions, with potential evapotranspiration rates of 4–6 mm per day, the crop may experience water stress, if there is no rain for a period of 5 days or more. The rate of crop growth was drastically reduced when soil-water potential decreased below −0.5 bar.
The total water used by the crop during 117 days from sowing to harvest was 486 mm, of which 345 mm transpired through the plants. Crop water use efficiency was 353 g of water per gram of dry matter.
The crop yielded 7,284 kg ha−1 of grain and 19,180 kg ha−1 of total dry matter. The efficiency of energy conversion for the season was 1.4% of the total incident radiation, while during the period of active growth the energy conversion was 2.4%. |
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AbstractList | Energy and water budget of maize crop grown in a dry sub-humid climate of northern Nigeria were assessed and related to crop performance.
The pattern of crop water requirement during the growing season was well matched to the pattern of crop water availability.
The period of maximum water requirement by the crop occurred when the leaf area index was greater than 2.1 and coincided with the period when the amount and frequency of rainfall was greatest. However, under the prevailing climatic conditions, with potential evapotranspiration rates of 4–6 mm per day, the crop may experience water stress, if there is no rain for a period of 5 days or more. The rate of crop growth was drastically reduced when soil-water potential decreased below −0.5 bar.
The total water used by the crop during 117 days from sowing to harvest was 486 mm, of which 345 mm transpired through the plants. Crop water use efficiency was 353 g of water per gram of dry matter.
The crop yielded 7,284 kg ha−1 of grain and 19,180 kg ha−1 of total dry matter. The efficiency of energy conversion for the season was 1.4% of the total incident radiation, while during the period of active growth the energy conversion was 2.4%. |
Author | Kowal, J.M. Kassam, A.H. |
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Cites_doi | 10.1002/qj.49707633011 10.1016/0002-1571(70)90025-7 10.1126/science.137.3523.11 10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050005x 10.1029/WR005i003p00622 10.2307/210739 10.2307/2401484 |
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References | Deacon (BIB4) 1950; 76 Dagg (BIB3) 1970; 7 Penman (BIB16) 1948; 193 Szeicz, Long (BIB17) 1969; 5 Brun, Kenemasu, Powers (BIB2) 1973 McCoughey (BIB14) 1968 Kassam, Kowal (BIB6) 1973; II Kowal (BIB8) 1972 Kowal, Faulkner (BIB11) 1973 Bonner (BIB1) 1962; 137 Kowal, Andrews (BIB10) 1973; 50 Thornthwaite (BIB18) 1948; 38 Lemon (BIB13) 1966 Kowal (BIB7) 1972; 149 Monteith, Szeicz, Waggoner (BIB15) 1965; 2 Denmead, Shaw (BIB5) 1962; 54 Kowal, Stockinger (BIB12) 1973 Kowal, Knabe (BIB9) 1972 Brun (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB2) 1973 Deacon (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB4) 1950; 76 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB10) 1973; 50 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB12) 1973 Monteith (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB15) 1965; 2 Bonner (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB1) 1962; 137 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB7) 1972; 149 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB11) 1973 Szeicz (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB17) 1969; 5 Denmead (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB5) 1962; 54 Lemon (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB13) 1966 McCoughey (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB14) 1968 Kassam (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB6) 1973; II Thornthwaite (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB18) 1948; 38 Penman (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB16) 1948; 193 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB9) 1972 Kowal (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB8) 1972 Dagg (10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB3) 1970; 7 |
References_xml | – volume: 137 start-page: 11 year: 1962 end-page: 15 ident: BIB1 article-title: The upper limit of crop yield publication-title: Science contributor: fullname: Bonner – volume: 76 start-page: 497dash83 year: 1950 ident: BIB4 article-title: The measurement and recording of the heat flux into the soil publication-title: Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. contributor: fullname: Deacon – volume: 50 start-page: 89 year: 1973 end-page: 100 ident: BIB10 article-title: The pattern of water availability and water requirement for grain sorghum production at Samaru, Nigeria publication-title: Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) contributor: fullname: Andrews – year: 1973 ident: BIB11 article-title: Water use of cotton at Samaru, Nigeria contributor: fullname: Faulkner – volume: 193 start-page: 120 year: 1948 end-page: 145 ident: BIB16 article-title: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass publication-title: Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A. contributor: fullname: Penman – start-page: 112 year: 1972 ident: BIB9 article-title: An agro-climatological atlas of the northern States of Nigeria contributor: fullname: Knabe – year: 1968 ident: BIB14 article-title: A test of the Penman combination model for potential evapotranspiration contributor: fullname: McCoughey – volume: 5 start-page: 622 year: 1969 end-page: 633 ident: BIB17 article-title: Surface resistance of crop canopies publication-title: Water Resour. Res. contributor: fullname: Long – volume: II start-page: 39 year: 1973 end-page: 49 ident: BIB6 article-title: Crop productivity in savanna and rain forest zones in Nigeria publication-title: Savanna contributor: fullname: Kowal – start-page: 1 year: 1972 end-page: 6 ident: BIB8 article-title: Soil-water-plant relationship at Samaru publication-title: Ford Foundation and I.R.A.T. Seminar on Tropical Soils Research contributor: fullname: Kowal – volume: 38 start-page: 55 year: 1948 end-page: 94 ident: BIB18 article-title: An approach towards a rational classification of climate publication-title: Geogr. Rev. contributor: fullname: Thornthwaite – year: 1973 ident: BIB2 article-title: Evapotranspiration from soyabean and sorghum fields publication-title: Agron. J. contributor: fullname: Powers – volume: 54 start-page: 385 year: 1962 end-page: 390 ident: BIB5 article-title: Availability of soil water to plants as affected by soil moisture content and meteorological conditions publication-title: Agron. J. contributor: fullname: Shaw – volume: 149 start-page: 27 year: 1972 end-page: 147 ident: BIB7 article-title: The hydrology of a small catchment basin at Samaru, Nigeria publication-title: Samaru Res. 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Ecol. contributor: fullname: Waggoner – volume: 149 start-page: 27 year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB7 article-title: The hydrology of a small catchment basin at Samaru, Nigeria publication-title: Samaru Res. Bull. contributor: fullname: Kowal – start-page: 1 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB12 article-title: Construction and performance of weighing lysimeter publication-title: Samaru Misc. Pap., 44 contributor: fullname: Kowal – year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB11 contributor: fullname: Kowal – volume: 76 start-page: 497dash83 year: 1950 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB4 article-title: The measurement and recording of the heat flux into the soil publication-title: Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. doi: 10.1002/qj.49707633011 contributor: fullname: Deacon – volume: 7 start-page: 303 year: 1970 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB3 article-title: A study of the water use of tea in East Africa using a hydraulic lysimeter publication-title: Agric. Meteorol. doi: 10.1016/0002-1571(70)90025-7 contributor: fullname: Dagg – year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB2 article-title: Evapotranspiration from soyabean and sorghum fields publication-title: Agron. J. contributor: fullname: Brun – year: 1968 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB14 contributor: fullname: McCoughey – start-page: 1 year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB8 article-title: Soil-water-plant relationship at Samaru contributor: fullname: Kowal – volume: II start-page: 39 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB6 article-title: Crop productivity in savanna and rain forest zones in Nigeria publication-title: Savanna contributor: fullname: Kassam – start-page: 307 year: 1966 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB13 article-title: Energy conversion and water use efficiency contributor: fullname: Lemon – volume: 137 start-page: 11 year: 1962 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB1 article-title: The upper limit of crop yield publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.137.3523.11 contributor: fullname: Bonner – volume: 193 start-page: 120 year: 1948 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB16 article-title: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass contributor: fullname: Penman – volume: 50 start-page: 89 issue: 2 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB10 article-title: The pattern of water availability and water requirement for grain sorghum production at Samaru, Nigeria publication-title: Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) contributor: fullname: Kowal – volume: 54 start-page: 385 year: 1962 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB5 article-title: Availability of soil water to plants as affected by soil moisture content and meteorological conditions publication-title: Agron. J. doi: 10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050005x contributor: fullname: Denmead – volume: 5 start-page: 622 year: 1969 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB17 article-title: Surface resistance of crop canopies publication-title: Water Resour. Res. doi: 10.1029/WR005i003p00622 contributor: fullname: Szeicz – start-page: 112 year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB9 article-title: An agro-climatological atlas of the northern States of Nigeria contributor: fullname: Kowal – volume: 38 start-page: 55 year: 1948 ident: 10.1016/0002-1571(73)90033-2_BIB18 article-title: An approach towards a rational classification of climate publication-title: Geogr. 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The pattern of crop... |
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