Design, photophysical properties, and applications of fluorene-based fluorophores in two-photon fluorescence bioimaging: A review

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional one-photon microscopy. 2PFM typically uses two near-infrared (NIR) photons to excite fluorescent dyes, which minimizes light scattering in biological samples. Multiphoton absorption also suppresses background...

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Published inJournal of photochemistry and photobiology. C, Photochemistry reviews Vol. 52; p. 100529
Main Authors Shaya, Janah, Corridon, Peter R., Al-Omari, Basem, Aoudi, Abdulrahman, Shunnar, Abeer, Mohideen, Mohamed Infas Haja, Qurashi, Ahsanulhaq, Michel, Benoît Y., Burger, Alain
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.09.2022
Subjects
Bioimaging
Fluorene
Fluorescence
Microscopy
Two-photon absorption
TICT
PDT
Fluorene
2PA
3PA
GM
Fluorescence
Bioimaging
D-π-A
3PM
NPs
2PFM
Microscopy
NIR
AIEE
PF
Two-photon absorption
TPEF
FRET
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Abstract Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional one-photon microscopy. 2PFM typically uses two near-infrared (NIR) photons to excite fluorescent dyes, which minimizes light scattering in biological samples. Multiphoton absorption also suppresses background signal and autofluorescence from tissues and allows to achieve higher 3D resolution images with low photodamage and photobleaching. Fluorene dyes possess distinct properties that meet the strict criteria of probes used for 2PFM such as enhanced solubility, photostability, and two-photon absorption cross-section. The fluorene molecule also includes many active positions that allow versatile synthesis, selective functionalization, bioconjugation, and tuning solubility. These properties have led to reporting several fluorene probes including monomers, polymers, and dendrimers with important uses in understanding molecular dynamics and bioimaging. The current review presents a compact summary of fluorene-based fluorophores for 2PFM bioimaging applications, shedding light on structure-photophysical property relationships in fluorenes and polyaromatic probe designs. •Fluorenes, meeting all stringent specifications of 2-photon microscopy, are reviewed.•Their remarkable photostability and two-photon absorption cross-section are analyzed.•The ease of their functionalization for subsequent bioconjugation is argued.•Flexible optimization of their solubility and photophysics is detailed.•Recent examples of fluorene-based probes for bioimaging purposes are highlighted.
AbstractList Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional one-photon microscopy. 2PFM typically uses two near-infrared (NIR) photons to excite fluorescent dyes, which minimizes light scattering in biological samples. Multiphoton absorption also suppresses background signal and autofluorescence from tissues and allows to achieve higher 3D resolution images with low photodamage and photobleaching. Fluorene dyes possess distinct properties that meet the strict criteria of probes used for 2PFM such as enhanced solubility, photostability, and two-photon absorption cross-section. The fluorene molecule also includes many active positions that allow versatile synthesis, selective functionalization, bioconjugation, and tuning solubility. These properties have led to reporting several fluorene probes including monomers, polymers, and dendrimers with important uses in understanding molecular dynamics and bioimaging. The current review presents a compact summary of fluorene-based fluorophores for 2PFM bioimaging applications, shedding light on structure-photophysical property relationships in fluorenes and polyaromatic probe designs. •Fluorenes, meeting all stringent specifications of 2-photon microscopy, are reviewed.•Their remarkable photostability and two-photon absorption cross-section are analyzed.•The ease of their functionalization for subsequent bioconjugation is argued.•Flexible optimization of their solubility and photophysics is detailed.•Recent examples of fluorene-based probes for bioimaging purposes are highlighted.
ArticleNumber 100529
Author Mohideen, Mohamed Infas Haja
Shunnar, Abeer
Al-Omari, Basem
Burger, Alain
Qurashi, Ahsanulhaq
Shaya, Janah
Aoudi, Abdulrahman
Corridon, Peter R.
Michel, Benoît Y.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Janah
  surname: Shaya
  fullname: Shaya, Janah
  organization: College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Peter R.
  surname: Corridon
  fullname: Corridon, Peter R.
  organization: Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Basem
  surname: Al-Omari
  fullname: Al-Omari, Basem
  organization: College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Abdulrahman
  surname: Aoudi
  fullname: Aoudi, Abdulrahman
  organization: Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Main Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Abeer
  surname: Shunnar
  fullname: Shunnar, Abeer
  organization: Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Main Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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  givenname: Mohamed Infas Haja
  surname: Mohideen
  fullname: Mohideen, Mohamed Infas Haja
  organization: Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Main Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Ahsanulhaq
  surname: Qurashi
  fullname: Qurashi, Ahsanulhaq
  organization: Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Main Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Benoît Y.
  surname: Michel
  fullname: Michel, Benoît Y.
  organization: Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, CNRS, Université Côte d′Azur − Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Alain
  surname: Burger
  fullname: Burger, Alain
  organization: Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, CNRS, Université Côte d′Azur − Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
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Keywords TICT
PDT
Fluorene
2PA
3PA
GM
Fluorescence
Bioimaging
D-π-A
3PM
NPs
2PFM
Microscopy
NIR
AIEE
PF
Two-photon absorption
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FRET
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Snippet Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional one-photon microscopy. 2PFM typically uses two near-infrared (NIR)...
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elsevier
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SubjectTerms Bioimaging
Fluorene
Fluorescence
Microscopy
Two-photon absorption
Title Design, photophysical properties, and applications of fluorene-based fluorophores in two-photon fluorescence bioimaging: A review
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100529
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