Chaining and shaming: images of defeat, from Llyn Cerrig Bach to Sarmitzegetusa
This paper seeks to address issues relating to physical restraint, disempowerment and the symbolisms of humiliation, particularly within the contexts of warfare and conquest in Iron Age and Roman Britain and Europe, although the enormous topic of ancient slavery per se is beyond the scope of the pre...
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| Published in | Oxford journal of archaeology Vol. 23; no. 3; pp. 319 - 340 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2004
Blackwell |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0262-5253 1468-0092 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00214.x |
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| Abstract | This paper seeks to address issues relating to physical restraint, disempowerment and the symbolisms of humiliation, particularly within the contexts of warfare and conquest in Iron Age and Roman Britain and Europe, although the enormous topic of ancient slavery per se is beyond the scope of the present study. The enquiry is based upon evidence from iconography, human remains, the physical paraphernalia of restraint and, for the latest Iron Age onwards, the testimony of such ancient authors as Tacitus. The subject is approached from the perspective not only of empirical material but also from that of social and symbolic theory. Furthermore, in seeking to interpret the relevant material culture, I have deemed it useful to draw broad analogies with other periods and contexts, including the iconography of the ancient Nile Valley and aspects of the nineteenth century French penal system. The material under discussion is scrutinized within contexts of ritual practice and performance, together with presentations of degradation and attitudes to foreignness, subjugation, supremacy and inferiority. Accordingly, questions are raised concerning the symbolic meaning of gang‐chains and chain‐gangs, grammars of victory‐imagery (including somatic position, dimorphism and hair‐grasping) and issues associated with shaming the body, whether by means of binding and shackling, violence, head‐shaving or sensory deprivation. |
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| AbstractList | This paper seeks to address issues relating to physical restraint, disempowerment and the symbolisms of humiliation, particularly within the contexts of warfare and conquest in Iron Age and Roman Britain and Europe, although the enormous topic of ancient slavery per se is beyond the scope of the present study. The enquiry is based upon evidence from iconography, human remains, the physical paraphernalia of restraint and, for the latest Iron Age onwards, the testimony of such ancient authors as Tacitus. The subject is approached from the perspective not only of empirical material but also from that of social and symbolic theory. Furthermore, in seeking to interpret the relevant material culture, I have deemed it useful to draw broad analogies with other periods and contexts, including the iconography of the ancient Nile Valley and aspects of the nineteenth century French penal system. The material under discussion is scrutinized within contexts of ritual practice and performance, together with presentations of degradation and attitudes to foreignness, subjugation, supremacy and inferiority. Accordingly, questions are raised concerning the symbolic meaning of gang-chains and chain-gangs, grammars of victory-imagery (including somatic position, dimorphism and hair-grasping) and issues associated with shaming the body, whether by means of binding and shackling, violence, head-shaving or sensory deprivation. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers This paper seeks to address issues relating to physical restraint, disempowerment and the symbolisms of humiliation, particularly within the contexts of warfare and conquest in Iron Age and Roman Britain and Europe, although the enormous topic of ancient slavery per se is beyond the scope of the present study. The enquiry is based upon evidence from iconography, human remains, the physical paraphernalia of restraint and, for the latest Iron Age onwards, the testimony of such ancient authors as Tacitus. The subject is approached from the perspective not only of empirical material but also from that of social and symbolic theory. Furthermore, in seeking to interpret the relevant material culture, I have deemed it useful to draw broad analogies with other periods and contexts, including the iconography of the ancient Nile Valley and aspects of the nineteenth century French penal system. The material under discussion is scrutinized within contexts of ritual practice and performance, together with presentations of degradation and attitudes to foreignness, subjugation, supremacy and inferiority. Accordingly, questions are raised concerning the symbolic meaning of gang‐chains and chain‐gangs, grammars of victory‐imagery (including somatic position, dimorphism and hair‐grasping) and issues associated with shaming the body, whether by means of binding and shackling, violence, head‐shaving or sensory deprivation. This paper seeks to address issues relating to physical restraint, disempowerment and the symbolisms of humiliation, particularly within the contexts of warfare and conquest in Iron Age and Roman Britain and Europe, although the enormous topic of ancient slavery per se is beyond the scope of the present study. The enquiry is based upon evidence from iconography, human remains, the physical paraphernalia of restraint and, for the latest Iron Age onwards, the testimony of such ancient authors as Tacitus. The subject is approached from the perspective not only of empirical material but also from that of social and symbolic theory. Furthermore, in seeking to interpret the relevant material culture, I have deemed it useful to draw broad analogies with other periods and contexts, including the iconography of the ancient Nile Valley and aspects of the nineteenth century French penal system. The material under discussion is scrutinized within contexts of ritual practice and performance, together with presentations of degradation and attitudes to foreignness, subjugation, supremacy and inferiority. Accordingly, questions are raised concerning the symbolic meaning of gang‐chains and chain‐gangs, grammars of victory‐imagery (including somatic position, dimorphism and hair‐grasping) and issues associated with shaming the body, whether by means of binding and shackling, violence, head‐shaving or sensory deprivation. |
| Author | Aldhouse-Green, Miranda |
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| Keywords | Slavery Chain Prisoner Research organization Symbolism Theory Human sacrifice Documentation War Representation Text Interpretation Degradation Fetter Sculpture Comparison Figurine Iconography Relief |
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| References | Cadoux, J.-l. 1984: L'ossuaire gaulois de Ribemont-sur-Ancre. Premières observations, premières questions. Gallia 42, 53-78. Chapman, A. 2001: Excavation of an Iron Age Settlement and a Middle-Saxon Cemetery at Great Houghton, Northampton, 1996. Northamptonshire Archaeology 29, 1-42. Hill, E. 2000: The embodied sacrifice. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.2, 317-26. Siegel, R. k. 1984: Hostage hallucinations: visual imagery induced by isolation and life-threatening stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 172(5), 264-72. Finley, M. i. 1962: The Black Sea and Danubian regions and the slave trade in antiquity. Klio 40, 51-9. Brunaux, J.-l. 2000: Les morts en spectacle. La justice des dieux et des hommes. L'Archéologue. Archéologie Nouvelle No. 46, 14-18. Denison, S. 2002: All the emotions on display in Southwark Roman cemetery. British Archaeology 67, 6. Frey, O.-h. 1998: The Stone Knight, the Sphinx and the Hare: New Aspects of Early Figural Celtic Art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64, 1-14. Dronfield, J. 1996: Entering Alternative Realities: Cognition, Art and Architecture in Irish Passage-Tombs. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6.1, 37-92. Tranoy, A. 1988: Du Heros au Chef: L'image du guerrier dans les sociétés indigènes du nord-ouest de la péninsule ibérique (Ier siècle avant J.-C-Ier siècle après J.-C). Actes du Colloque 16-17 mai 1987. Le Monde des Images en Gaule et dans les provinces voisines (Paris, Caesarodunum 23), 219-28. Martínez, A. j. 1999: Religión y Ritual Funerario Celtibéricos. Revista de Soria 25, 5-18. Gebühr, M. 1979: Das Kindergrab von Windeby. Versuch einer 'Rehabilitation'. Offa. Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschitche, Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie 36, 75-107. Du lesley , G. f. 2000: L'image du trophée. L'Archéologue. Archéologie Nouvelle No. 46, 9-13. Frey, O.-h. 1996/7: Die neuen Keltenfunde vom Glauberg. N rnberger Blatter z r Archäologie 13, 25-38. Monaghan, J. m. 1991: A Roman marching camp and native settlement site at Newton Kyme, Tadcaster. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 63, 51-8. Dolby, M. j. 1969: Roman Remains from Adwick-le-Street, West Riding. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 252-3. Parker pearson , M. 2000: Great Sites: Llyn Cerrig Bach. British Archaeology no. 53, 8-11. Eccles, J., Caldwell, P. and Mincher, R. 1988: Salvage excavations at a Romano-British site at Chainbridge Lane, Lound, Nottinghamshire. Transactions of the Thoroton Society 92, 15-21. 1984; I 1979; 36 2000; 46 1976 1972 1996; 6.1 1979 1978 1977 2001 1990 2000 1969; 42 2000; 53 1987 1986 1981 1980 1962; 40 1948 1989 2000; 10.2 1988 1996/7; 13 1984; 42 1999; 25 1995a 1998 1997 1996 1995b 1995 1994 2004 2003 2002 2001; 29 1991 1988; 92 1998; 64 1958 1956 1879 1999 1984; 172 1982; 40 2002; 67 1991; 63 1965 1964 1988; 23 1961 2001; 33 e_1_2_7_5_1 Eccles J. (e_1_2_7_28_1) 1988; 92 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 Dolby M. j. (e_1_2_7_24_1) 1969; 42 e_1_2_7_19_1 Frey O.‐h. (e_1_2_7_34_1) 1996; 13 e_1_2_7_60_1 e_1_2_7_62_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_41_1 e_1_2_7_64_1 e_1_2_7_43_1 e_1_2_7_66_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_45_1 e_1_2_7_68_1 e_1_2_7_47_1 e_1_2_7_49_1 Du lesley G. f. (e_1_2_7_26_1) 2000; 46 Parker pearson M. (e_1_2_7_59_1) 2000; 53 e_1_2_7_73_1 e_1_2_7_50_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_31_1 e_1_2_7_77_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_54_1 e_1_2_7_75_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_35_1 e_1_2_7_56_1 e_1_2_7_37_1 e_1_2_7_58_1 e_1_2_7_79_1 e_1_2_7_39_1 Monaghan J. m. (e_1_2_7_55_1) 1991; 63 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 Denison S. (e_1_2_7_22_1) 2002; 67 e_1_2_7_8_1 Martínez A. j. (e_1_2_7_52_1) 1999; 25 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_40_1 e_1_2_7_61_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_42_1 e_1_2_7_63_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_44_1 e_1_2_7_65_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_46_1 e_1_2_7_67_1 e_1_2_7_48_1 e_1_2_7_69_1 e_1_2_7_27_1 e_1_2_7_29_1 Brunaux J.‐l. (e_1_2_7_13_1) 2000; 46 Tranoy A. (e_1_2_7_71_1) 1988; 23 e_1_2_7_72_1 e_1_2_7_51_1 e_1_2_7_70_1 e_1_2_7_30_1 Gebühr M. (e_1_2_7_36_1) 1979; 36 e_1_2_7_53_1 e_1_2_7_76_1 e_1_2_7_32_1 e_1_2_7_74_1 e_1_2_7_57_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 e_1_2_7_78_1 e_1_2_7_38_1 Chapman A. (e_1_2_7_17_1) 2001; 29 |
| References_xml | – reference: Hill, E. 2000: The embodied sacrifice. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10.2, 317-26. – reference: Denison, S. 2002: All the emotions on display in Southwark Roman cemetery. British Archaeology 67, 6. – reference: Siegel, R. k. 1984: Hostage hallucinations: visual imagery induced by isolation and life-threatening stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 172(5), 264-72. – reference: Martínez, A. j. 1999: Religión y Ritual Funerario Celtibéricos. Revista de Soria 25, 5-18. – reference: Parker pearson , M. 2000: Great Sites: Llyn Cerrig Bach. British Archaeology no. 53, 8-11. – reference: Frey, O.-h. 1998: The Stone Knight, the Sphinx and the Hare: New Aspects of Early Figural Celtic Art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64, 1-14. – reference: Dronfield, J. 1996: Entering Alternative Realities: Cognition, Art and Architecture in Irish Passage-Tombs. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6.1, 37-92. – reference: Finley, M. i. 1962: The Black Sea and Danubian regions and the slave trade in antiquity. Klio 40, 51-9. – reference: Frey, O.-h. 1996/7: Die neuen Keltenfunde vom Glauberg. N rnberger Blatter z r Archäologie 13, 25-38. – reference: Du lesley , G. f. 2000: L'image du trophée. L'Archéologue. Archéologie Nouvelle No. 46, 9-13. – reference: Eccles, J., Caldwell, P. and Mincher, R. 1988: Salvage excavations at a Romano-British site at Chainbridge Lane, Lound, Nottinghamshire. Transactions of the Thoroton Society 92, 15-21. – reference: Gebühr, M. 1979: Das Kindergrab von Windeby. Versuch einer 'Rehabilitation'. Offa. Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschitche, Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie 36, 75-107. – reference: Tranoy, A. 1988: Du Heros au Chef: L'image du guerrier dans les sociétés indigènes du nord-ouest de la péninsule ibérique (Ier siècle avant J.-C-Ier siècle après J.-C). Actes du Colloque 16-17 mai 1987. Le Monde des Images en Gaule et dans les provinces voisines (Paris, Caesarodunum 23), 219-28. – reference: Monaghan, J. m. 1991: A Roman marching camp and native settlement site at Newton Kyme, Tadcaster. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 63, 51-8. – reference: Dolby, M. j. 1969: Roman Remains from Adwick-le-Street, West Riding. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 252-3. – reference: Cadoux, J.-l. 1984: L'ossuaire gaulois de Ribemont-sur-Ancre. Premières observations, premières questions. Gallia 42, 53-78. – reference: Chapman, A. 2001: Excavation of an Iron Age Settlement and a Middle-Saxon Cemetery at Great Houghton, Northampton, 1996. Northamptonshire Archaeology 29, 1-42. – reference: Brunaux, J.-l. 2000: Les morts en spectacle. La justice des dieux et des hommes. L'Archéologue. Archéologie Nouvelle No. 46, 14-18. – start-page: 24 year: 1994 end-page: 31 – year: 1981 – volume: 40 start-page: 51 year: 1962 end-page: 9 article-title: The Black Sea and Danubian regions and the slave trade in antiquity publication-title: Klio – year: 1956 – volume: 172 start-page: 264 issue: 5 year: 1984 end-page: 72 article-title: Hostage hallucinations: visual imagery induced by isolation and life‐threatening stress publication-title: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – volume: 46 start-page: 9 year: 2000 end-page: 13 article-title: L’image du trophée publication-title: L’Archéologue. Archéologie Nouvelle – year: 2001 – year: 1989 – volume: 23 start-page: 219 year: 1988 end-page: 28 article-title: Du Heros au Chef: L’image du guerrier dans les sociétés indigènes du nord‐ouest de la péninsule ibérique (Ier siècle avant J.‐C–Ier siècle après J.‐C) publication-title: Caesarodunum – volume: 64 start-page: 1 year: 1998 end-page: 14 article-title: The Stone Knight, the Sphinx and the Hare: New Aspects of Early Figural Celtic Art publication-title: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society – start-page: 53 year: 1995b end-page: 66 – volume: 25 start-page: 5 year: 1999 end-page: 18 article-title: Religión y Ritual Funerario Celtibéricos publication-title: Revista de Soria – year: 1979 – year: 1990 – year: 1994 – year: 1998 – year: 1961 – year: 1986 – volume: 42 start-page: 53 year: 1984 end-page: 78 article-title: L’ossuaire gaulois de Ribemont‐sur‐Ancre. 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| SubjectTerms | Archaeology Conflict Economy and society Empowerment Ethnology and art History Methodology and general studies Prehistory and protohistory Symbolism Warfare |
| TemporalSubjectTerms | Iron Age Roman antiquity |
| Title | Chaining and shaming: images of defeat, from Llyn Cerrig Bach to Sarmitzegetusa |
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