Performance Characteristics of the Battery-Operated Silicon PIN Diode Detector with an Integrated Preamplifier and Data Acquisition Module for Fusion Particle Detection

• Published in: Journal of Nuclear Engineering Vol. 6; no. 2; p. 15
• Main Authors: Chen, Allan Xi, Sigal, Benjamin F., Martinis, John, Wong, Alfred YiuFai, Gunn, Alexander, Salazar, Matthew, Abdalla, Nawar, Xiao, Kai-Jian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 15.05.2025
• Subjects: battery-powered detector; beam-target fusion; Bias; charge particle detector; charge-sensitive preamplifier; Charged particles; Data acquisition; Digital signal processing; Diode detectors; Electric potential; Energy; Feedback; Gamma rays; Ion beams; Lithium batteries; Metal foils; Optical fibers; Performance characteristics; PIN diode; PIN diodes; Radiation counters; Receivers & amplifiers; Sensors; Silicon; Tritons; Voltage; X-rays
• ISSN: 2673-4362; 2673-4362
• DOI: 10.3390/jne6020015

We present the performance and application of a commercial off-the-shelf Si PIN diode (Hamamatsu S14605) as a charged particle detector in a compact ion beam system (IBS) capable of generating D–D and p–B fusion charged particles. This detector is inexpensive, widely available, and operates in photoconductive mode under a reverse bias voltage of 12 V, supplied by an A23 battery. A charge-sensitive preamplifier (CSP) is mounted on the backside of the detector’s four-layer PCB and powered by two ±3 V lithium batteries (A123). Both the detector and CSP are housed together on the vacuum side of the IBS, facing the fusion target. The system employs a CF-2.75-flanged DB-9 connector feedthrough to supply the signal, bias voltage, and rail voltages. To mitigate the high sensitivity of the detector to optical light, a thin aluminum foil assembly is used to block optical emissions from the ion beam and target. Charged particles generate step responses at the preamplifier output, with pulse rise times in the order of 0.2 to 0.3 µs. These signals are recorded using a custom-built data acquisition unit, which features an optical fiber data link to ensure the electrical isolation of the detector electronics. Subsequent digital signal processing is employed to optimally shape the pulses using a CR-RCn filter to produce Gaussian-shaped signals, enabling the accurate extraction of energy information. Performance results indicate that the detector’s baseline RMS ripple noise can be as low as 0.24 mV. Under actual laboratory conditions, the estimated signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) for charged particles from D–D fusion—protons, tritons, and helions—are approximately 225, 75, and 41, respectively.