Q-Band Millimeter Wave Imaging in the Far-Field Enabled by Optical Upconversion Methodology
Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging has evolved to the point where it offers distinctive remote sensing capabilities in many application scenarios, such as port and harbor security, search and rescue, and navigational aids, due to its unique ability to penetrate atmospheric obscurants. Some of the applica...
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| Published in | Journal of infrared, millimeter and terahertz waves Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 54 - 66 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Boston
Springer US
2012
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| Subjects | |
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| Abstract | Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging has evolved to the point where it offers distinctive remote sensing capabilities in many application scenarios, such as port and harbor security, search and rescue, and navigational aids, due to its unique ability to penetrate atmospheric obscurants. Some of the applications being considered require passive imaging, imposing challenging sensitivity requirements to detect the low power levels in this spectral region. One metric used in this regard is the noise equivalent power (NEP), which quantifies the sensitivity of a detector. By utilizing a unique detector technology based on optical upconversion a low NEP value is achieved as compared to other RF methods, without the use of cryogenic cooling or low noise amplification. In addition, the overall size and weight may be reduced as compared to other imaging methodologies. As such, the construction and development of a passive mmW imaging system utilizing optical upconversion was undertaken, operating in the Q-Band to collect radiation between 33 and 50 GHz. Herein, we describe the passive mmW imager architecture and operation. Also presented are imaging results obtained using this approach as well as key imager metrics that have been experimentally validated. |
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| AbstractList | Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging has evolved to the point where it offers distinctive remote sensing capabilities in many application scenarios, such as port and harbor security, search and rescue, and navigational aids, due to its unique ability to penetrate atmospheric obscurants. Some of the applications being considered require passive imaging, imposing challenging sensitivity requirements to detect the low power levels in this spectral region. One metric used in this regard is the noise equivalent power (NEP), which quantifies the sensitivity of a detector. By utilizing a unique detector technology based on optical upconversion a low NEP value is achieved as compared to other RF methods, without the use of cryogenic cooling or low noise amplification. In addition, the overall size and weight may be reduced as compared to other imaging methodologies. As such, the construction and development of a passive mmW imaging system utilizing optical upconversion was undertaken, operating in the Q-Band to collect radiation between 33 and 50 GHz. Herein, we describe the passive mmW imager architecture and operation. Also presented are imaging results obtained using this approach as well as key imager metrics that have been experimentally validated. Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging has evolved to the point where it offers distinctive remote sensing capabilities in many application scenarios, such as port and harbor security, search and rescue, and navigational aids, due to its unique ability to penetrate atmospheric obscurants. Some of the applications being considered require passive imaging, imposing challenging sensitivity requirements to detect the low power levels in this spectral region. One metric used in this regard is the noise equivalent power (NEP), which quantifies the sensitivity of a detector. By utilizing a unique detector technology based on optical upconversion a low NEP value is achieved as compared to other RF methods, without the use of cryogenic cooling or low noise amplification. In addition, the overall size and weight may be reduced as compared to other imaging methodologies. As such, the construction and development of a passive mmW imaging system utilizing optical upconversion was undertaken, operating in the Q-Band to collect radiation between 33 and 50 GHz. Herein, we describe the passive mmW imager architecture and operation. Also presented are imaging results obtained using this approach as well as key imager metrics that have been experimentally validated. |
| Author | Martin, Richard D. Mackrides, Daniel G. Wilson, John Robbins, Andrew Chen, Caihua Prather, Dennis W. Schuetz, Christopher A. Samluk, Jesse P. Dillon, Thomas Stein, E. Lee |
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| References | Krapels, Driggers, Garcia, Boettcher, Prather, Schuetz, Samluk, Stein, Kiser, Visnansky, Grata, Wikner, Harris (CR12) 2009; 7485 CR6 Samluk, Schuetz, Stein, Robbins, Mackrides, Martin, Chen, Prather (CR16) 2008; 6948 Schuetz, Murakowski, Schneider, Prather (CR4) 2005; 53 CR7 Stein, Schuetz, Prather (CR18) 2009; 7348 Preissner (CR1) 1979; 245 CR15 Fetterman, Grata, Jubic, Kiser, Visnansky (CR13) 2008; 16 Wikner, Samples (CR14) 2001; 4373 Ulaby, Moore, Fung (CR2) 1981 Schuetz, Prather (CR3) 2004; 5619 Desurvire (CR5) 1994 Boettcher, Krapels, Driggers, Garcia, Schuetz, Samluk, Stein, Kiser, Visnansky, Grata, Wikner, Harris (CR11) 2010; 49 CR10 Boreman (CR17) 2001 Schuetz, Martin, Biswas, Mirotznik, Shi, Schneider, Murakowski, Prather (CR8) 2007; 6548 Martin, Schuetz, Dillon, Chen, Samluk, Stein, Mirotznik, Prather (CR9) 2009; 7309 9850_CR7 9850_CR6 MR Fetterman (9850_CR13) 2008; 16 R Martin (9850_CR9) 2009; 7309 CA Schuetz (9850_CR3) 2004; 5619 DA Wikner (9850_CR14) 2001; 4373 CA Schuetz (9850_CR4) 2005; 53 E Desurvire (9850_CR5) 1994 9850_CR15 JP Samluk (9850_CR16) 2008; 6948 EL Stein Jr (9850_CR18) 2009; 7348 9850_CR10 FT Ulaby (9850_CR2) 1981 J Preissner (9850_CR1) 1979; 245 CA Schuetz (9850_CR8) 2007; 6548 EJ Boettcher (9850_CR11) 2010; 49 GD Boreman (9850_CR17) 2001 K Krapels (9850_CR12) 2009; 7485 |
| References_xml | – volume: 6548 start-page: 65480B year: 2007 ident: CR8 article-title: Sparse Aperture Millimeter-Wave Imaging Using Optical Detection and Correlation Techniques publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.719811 contributor: fullname: Prather – volume: 7485 start-page: 74850H year: 2009 ident: CR12 article-title: Millimeter Wave Sensor Requirements for Maritime Small Craft Identification publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.831060 contributor: fullname: Harris – volume: 5619 start-page: 166 year: 2004 ident: CR3 article-title: Optical Upconversion Techniques for High-Sensitivity Millimetre-Wave Detection publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.578961 contributor: fullname: Prather – volume: 7348 start-page: 734807 year: 2009 ident: CR18 article-title: Development of a Robust Digital Lock-In Algorithm Using a Closed Form Least Squares Method publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.819056 contributor: fullname: Prather – volume: 16 start-page: 20503 issue: 25 year: 2008 end-page: 20515 ident: CR13 article-title: Simulation, Acquisition and Analysis of Passive Millimeter-Wave Images in Remote Sensing Applications publication-title: Opt Express doi: 10.1364/OE.16.020503 contributor: fullname: Visnansky – ident: CR15 – year: 2001 ident: CR17 publication-title: Modulation Transfer Function in Optical and Electro-Optical Systems doi: 10.1117/3.419857 contributor: fullname: Boreman – volume: 245 start-page: 48 year: 1979 ident: CR1 article-title: The Influence of the Atmosphere on Passive Radiometric Measurements publication-title: AGARD Conference Proc. contributor: fullname: Preissner – year: 1981 ident: CR2 publication-title: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive contributor: fullname: Fung – year: 1994 ident: CR5 publication-title: Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications contributor: fullname: Desurvire – ident: CR10 – volume: 53 start-page: 1732 issue: 5 year: 2005 end-page: 1738 ident: CR4 article-title: Radiometric Millimeter-Wave Detection via Optical Upconversion and Carrier Suppression publication-title: IEEE T Microw. 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SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.818858 contributor: fullname: R Martin – volume-title: Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications year: 1994 ident: 9850_CR5 contributor: fullname: E Desurvire – volume-title: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive year: 1981 ident: 9850_CR2 contributor: fullname: FT Ulaby – volume: 7485 start-page: 74850H year: 2009 ident: 9850_CR12 publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.831060 contributor: fullname: K Krapels – volume: 4373 start-page: 86 year: 2001 ident: 9850_CR14 publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.438141 contributor: fullname: DA Wikner – volume: 7348 start-page: 734807 year: 2009 ident: 9850_CR18 publication-title: Proc. SPIE doi: 10.1117/12.819056 contributor: fullname: EL Stein Jr – volume-title: Modulation Transfer Function in Optical and Electro-Optical Systems year: 2001 ident: 9850_CR17 doi: 10.1117/3.419857 contributor: fullname: GD Boreman – volume: 49 start-page: E58 issue: 19 year: 2010 ident: 9850_CR11 publication-title: Appl Opt. doi: 10.1364/AO.49.000E58 contributor: fullname: EJ Boettcher |
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| SubjectTerms | Atmospherics Classical Electrodynamics Cryogenic cooling Detectors Electrical Engineering Electronics and Microelectronics Engineering Imaging Instrumentation Methodology Passive imaging Searching Upconversion |
| Title | Q-Band Millimeter Wave Imaging in the Far-Field Enabled by Optical Upconversion Methodology |
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