Biochar in climate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation not only requires reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, but also withdrawal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere. Here we review the relationship between emissions reductions and CO 2 removal by biochar systems, which are based on pyrolysing biomass to produce bi...
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| Published in | Nature geoscience Vol. 14; no. 12; pp. 883 - 892 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.12.2021
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Climate change mitigation not only requires reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, but also withdrawal of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) from the atmosphere. Here we review the relationship between emissions reductions and CO
2
removal by biochar systems, which are based on pyrolysing biomass to produce biochar, used for soil application, and renewable bioenergy. Half of the emission reductions and the majority of CO
2
removal result from the one to two orders of magnitude longer persistence of biochar than the biomass it is made from. Globally, biochar systems could deliver emission reductions of 3.4–6.3 PgCO
2
e, half of which constitutes CO
2
removal. Relevant trade-offs exist between making and sequestering biochar in soil or producing more energy. Importantly, these trade-offs depend on what type of energy is replaced: relative to producing bioenergy, emissions of biochar systems increase by 3% when biochar replaces coal, whereas emissions decrease by 95% when biochar replaces renewable energy. The lack of a clear relationship between crop yield increases in response to fertilizer and to biochar additions suggests opportunities for biochar to increase crop yields where fertilizer alone is not effective, but also questions blanket recommendations based on known fertilizer responses. Locally specific decision support must recognize these relationships and trade-offs to establish carbon-trading mechanisms that facilitate a judicious implementation commensurate with climate change mitigation needs.
Climate change mitigation strategies based on biochar generation—and its application to agricultural soils—can effectively sequester carbon, although biogeochemical and economic trade-offs must be considered. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Climate change mitigation not only requires reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, but also withdrawal of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) from the atmosphere. Here we review the relationship between emissions reductions and CO
2
removal by biochar systems, which are based on pyrolysing biomass to produce biochar, used for soil application, and renewable bioenergy. Half of the emission reductions and the majority of CO
2
removal result from the one to two orders of magnitude longer persistence of biochar than the biomass it is made from. Globally, biochar systems could deliver emission reductions of 3.4–6.3 PgCO
2
e, half of which constitutes CO
2
removal. Relevant trade-offs exist between making and sequestering biochar in soil or producing more energy. Importantly, these trade-offs depend on what type of energy is replaced: relative to producing bioenergy, emissions of biochar systems increase by 3% when biochar replaces coal, whereas emissions decrease by 95% when biochar replaces renewable energy. The lack of a clear relationship between crop yield increases in response to fertilizer and to biochar additions suggests opportunities for biochar to increase crop yields where fertilizer alone is not effective, but also questions blanket recommendations based on known fertilizer responses. Locally specific decision support must recognize these relationships and trade-offs to establish carbon-trading mechanisms that facilitate a judicious implementation commensurate with climate change mitigation needs.
Climate change mitigation strategies based on biochar generation—and its application to agricultural soils—can effectively sequester carbon, although biogeochemical and economic trade-offs must be considered. Climate change mitigation not only requires reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, but also withdrawal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Here we review the relationship between emissions reductions and CO2 removal by biochar systems, which are based on pyrolysing biomass to produce biochar, used for soil application, and renewable bioenergy. Half of the emission reductions and the majority of CO2 removal result from the one to two orders of magnitude longer persistence of biochar than the biomass it is made from. Globally, biochar systems could deliver emission reductions of 3.4–6.3 PgCO2e, half of which constitutes CO2 removal. Relevant trade-offs exist between making and sequestering biochar in soil or producing more energy. Importantly, these trade-offs depend on what type of energy is replaced: relative to producing bioenergy, emissions of biochar systems increase by 3% when biochar replaces coal, whereas emissions decrease by 95% when biochar replaces renewable energy. The lack of a clear relationship between crop yield increases in response to fertilizer and to biochar additions suggests opportunities for biochar to increase crop yields where fertilizer alone is not effective, but also questions blanket recommendations based on known fertilizer responses. Locally specific decision support must recognize these relationships and trade-offs to establish carbon-trading mechanisms that facilitate a judicious implementation commensurate with climate change mitigation needs.Climate change mitigation strategies based on biochar generation—and its application to agricultural soils—can effectively sequester carbon, although biogeochemical and economic trade-offs must be considered. |
| Author | Cowie, Annette Camps-Arbestain, Marta Lehmann, Johannes Amonette, James E. Cayuela, Maria L. Whitman, Thea Woolf, Dominic Masiello, Caroline A. Kammann, Claudia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Johannes orcidid: 0000-0002-4701-2936 surname: Lehmann fullname: Lehmann, Johannes email: CL273@cornell.edu organization: Soil and Crop Science, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University – sequence: 2 givenname: Annette orcidid: 0000-0002-3858-959X surname: Cowie fullname: Cowie, Annette organization: NSW Department of Primary Industries/University of New England – sequence: 3 givenname: Caroline A. surname: Masiello fullname: Masiello, Caroline A. organization: Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Science, Rice University – sequence: 4 givenname: Claudia surname: Kammann fullname: Kammann, Claudia organization: Department of Applied Ecology, Geisenheim University – sequence: 5 givenname: Dominic surname: Woolf fullname: Woolf, Dominic organization: Soil and Crop Science, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University – sequence: 6 givenname: James E. orcidid: 0000-0003-1480-4280 surname: Amonette fullname: Amonette, James E. organization: Geochemistry, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Center for Sustaining Agriculture & Natural Resources, Washington State University – sequence: 7 givenname: Maria L. orcidid: 0000-0003-0929-4204 surname: Cayuela fullname: Cayuela, Maria L. organization: Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – sequence: 8 givenname: Marta orcidid: 0000-0002-5354-2087 surname: Camps-Arbestain fullname: Camps-Arbestain, Marta organization: School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University – sequence: 9 givenname: Thea orcidid: 0000-0003-2269-5598 surname: Whitman fullname: Whitman, Thea organization: Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison |
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| SubjectTerms | 704/106/47/4113 704/47/4113 Agricultural land Alternative energy sources Biomass Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentrations Carbon dioxide emissions Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sequestration Charcoal Climate change Climate change mitigation Coal Crop yield Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Earth System Sciences Economics Emissions Emissions control Energy Environmental management Fertilizers Geochemistry Geology Geophysics/Geodesy Greenhouse gases Mitigation Removal Renewable energy Renewable resources Resource management Review Article Sequestering Soil Soils Tradeoffs |
| Title | Biochar in climate change mitigation |
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