The Orinoco Mining Arc: a historical perspective
The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km 2 that has generated a very intense controversy which has been very publicized by the media. However, there have been artisanal gold mining for several hundred years, commercial min...
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Published in | Gold bulletin (World Gold Council) Vol. 52; no. 3-4; pp. 153 - 163 |
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Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Springer International Publishing
01.12.2019
Springer Nature B.V |
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Abstract | The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km
2
that has generated a very intense controversy which has been very publicized by the media. However, there have been artisanal gold mining for several hundred years, commercial mining for 175 years, and in recent times, forms of industrial mining that have satisfied Venezuelan environmental standards. In the last 20 years, mining has had a very erratic policy; in 2004, a Piar Mission was implemented, aligned with a socialist vision of land use, which promoted the most destructive form of mining—hydraulic monitors and amalgam with mercury. That generated a situation of anarchy that led to the emergence of criminal armed groups that control most of the mines today. At present, there are more than 200,000 people who depend on mining directly or indirectly; therefore, an absolute ban on mining is not viable. The decree of Mining Arc was integrated with the destruction of the environmental control institutionality and the creation of a military mining company, so it must be rejected. All this is an example of how gold mining can go wrong, while in other countries these projects can be successful. Venezuela requires foreign exchange to recover the damaged production infrastructure; a rational way of mining may contribute to this recovery, but that requires restoring to the Ministry of the Environment, formulating and executing a mining policy with a long-term vision according to the economic, social, and environmental realities of the nation. |
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AbstractList | The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km2 that has generated a very intense controversy which has been very publicized by the media. However, there have been artisanal gold mining for several hundred years, commercial mining for 175 years, and in recent times, forms of industrial mining that have satisfied Venezuelan environmental standards. In the last 20 years, mining has had a very erratic policy; in 2004, a Piar Mission was implemented, aligned with a socialist vision of land use, which promoted the most destructive form of mining—hydraulic monitors and amalgam with mercury. That generated a situation of anarchy that led to the emergence of criminal armed groups that control most of the mines today. At present, there are more than 200,000 people who depend on mining directly or indirectly; therefore, an absolute ban on mining is not viable. The decree of Mining Arc was integrated with the destruction of the environmental control institutionality and the creation of a military mining company, so it must be rejected. All this is an example of how gold mining can go wrong, while in other countries these projects can be successful. Venezuela requires foreign exchange to recover the damaged production infrastructure; a rational way of mining may contribute to this recovery, but that requires restoring to the Ministry of the Environment, formulating and executing a mining policy with a long-term vision according to the economic, social, and environmental realities of the nation. The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km 2 that has generated a very intense controversy which has been very publicized by the media. However, there have been artisanal gold mining for several hundred years, commercial mining for 175 years, and in recent times, forms of industrial mining that have satisfied Venezuelan environmental standards. In the last 20 years, mining has had a very erratic policy; in 2004, a Piar Mission was implemented, aligned with a socialist vision of land use, which promoted the most destructive form of mining—hydraulic monitors and amalgam with mercury. That generated a situation of anarchy that led to the emergence of criminal armed groups that control most of the mines today. At present, there are more than 200,000 people who depend on mining directly or indirectly; therefore, an absolute ban on mining is not viable. The decree of Mining Arc was integrated with the destruction of the environmental control institutionality and the creation of a military mining company, so it must be rejected. All this is an example of how gold mining can go wrong, while in other countries these projects can be successful. Venezuela requires foreign exchange to recover the damaged production infrastructure; a rational way of mining may contribute to this recovery, but that requires restoring to the Ministry of the Environment, formulating and executing a mining policy with a long-term vision according to the economic, social, and environmental realities of the nation. |
Author | Lozada, José Rafael |
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Cites_doi | 10.1111/ddi.12469 |
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References | LuzardoAEcocidio y etnocidio en la AmazoníaNueva Sociedad1981535164 CORPOVEN (n.d.) Por obra y arte del oro. Venezuela Tierra Mágica. Corpoven, Filial de Petróleos de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela, Serie. isbn:980-259-313-3 Perera M (2000) Oro y hambre: Guayana siglo XVI. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico. Caracas, Venezuela FrancoWLozadaJLeónJAguilarWArendsEVidalRPerníaECabelloOLa situación actual de la Reserva Forestal Imataca y propuestas para orientar su ordenamiento. Informe aprobado para su publicación por el Consejo de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales1997Mérida, VenezuelaUniversidad de Los Andes LozadaJSituación actual y perspectivas del manejo de recursos forestales en VenezuelaRev For Venez2007512195218 MurgueyJLa explotación aurífera de Guayana y la conformación de la Compañía Minera de El Callao 1870–19001989Caracas, VenezuelaCorporación Venezolana de Guayana Officer, L. & Williamson, S. 2016. The Price of Gold, 1257 - Present. http://www.measuringworth.com/gold/. OcampoJTesoros legendarios de Colombia y el mundo2004Bogotá, ColombiaPlaza & Janes Editores RullVVegas-VilarrubiaTSafontEThe Lost World’s pristinity at riskDivers Distrib20162299599910.1111/ddi.12469 Banco Central de Venezuela (2010) Geología del oro en Venezuela. http://200.74.197.135/orobcv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=188. RodríguezAEl colapso del Callao: la crisis de la producción aurífera en Guayana a fines del siglo XIXTiempo y Espacio201462187202 Matos T (n.d.) La historia del oro en Guayana. Grabados Nacionales, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela. isbn:980-07-1611-4 Mayorca J (2010) FARC en Venezuela: un huésped incómodo. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/la-seguridad/08185.pdf. EspiauMLa Casa de la Moneda de Sevilla y su entorno: Historia y Morfología. Junta de Andalucía y Universidad de Sevilla1991EspañaSevilla Lozada JR, Carrero Y (2017) Estimación de las áreas deforestadas por minería y su relación con la gestión ambiental en la Guayana Venezolana. Rev For Venez 61:59–77 ColónENegrínAEl manejo ambiental del tendido electrónico con BrasilRevista Guayana Sustentable20001215235 261_CR9 A Rodríguez (261_CR6) 2014; 62 261_CR16 J Murguey (261_CR4) 1989 261_CR15 J Ocampo (261_CR1) 2004 261_CR2 261_CR8 261_CR7 A Luzardo (261_CR14) 1981; 53 W Franco (261_CR11) 1997 M Espiau (261_CR3) 1991 261_CR5 J Lozada (261_CR12) 2007; 51 E Colón (261_CR10) 2000; 1 V Rull (261_CR13) 2016; 22 |
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Snippet | The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km
2
that has generated a very intense... The decree of Mining Arc, endorsed in 2016, proposes the exploitation of minerals in an approximate area of 112,000 km2 that has generated a very intense... |
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SubjectTerms | Chemistry and Materials Science Crime Economic conditions Environmental control Environmental degradation Exploitation Gold Gold mines & mining Hydraulic mining Land use Materials Science Mercury Metallic Materials Mining Review Paper Vision |
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Title | The Orinoco Mining Arc: a historical perspective |
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