Female sika deer have evolved larger incisors than males under relaxed selection against rapid tooth wear

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Bibliographic Details
Published inBiological journal of the Linnean Society Vol. 110; no. 2; pp. 384 - 397
Main Authors Kubo, Mugino O., Minami, Masato, Higuchi, Naoko, Ohnishi, Nobumasa, Okada, Ayumi, Kaji, Koichi, Ohba, Takahiro, Hosoi, Eiji, Koizumi, Toru, Takatsuki, Seiki
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2013
Subjects
Cervus nippon
food habits
grazing
incisor arcade breadth
morphology
sexual dimorphism
sexual selection
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Bibliography:Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site: Table S1. Selection of the best model predicting I1 crown height of the Japanese sika deer. Two competing models, for which the difference of AICc is less than 2, are presented (in bold font). Because the parameter estimates for interaction terms, population × cervical cross-sectional area (CCA), were not statistically significant, we selected the model without population × CCA as the best model (in bold and italics). AICc = Akaike Information Criterion corrected for sample size; K = number of parameters in the model; ΔAICc = difference in AICc relative to the lowest value; and + = factor included in the model. Table S2. Selection of the best model predicting I1 mesiodistal breadth of Japanese sika deer. Two competing models, for which the difference in AICc is less than 2, are presented (in bold font). Because the parameter estimates for interaction terms, population × cervical cross-sectional area (CCA), were not statistically significant, we selected the model without population × CCA as the best model (in bold and italics). AICc = Akaike Information Criterion corrected for sample size; K = number of parameters in the model; ΔAICc = difference in AICc relative to the lowest value; + = factor included in the model. Table S3. Matrix of pairwise comparisons with Holm correction of the wear rate of I1 crown height between sexes and between populations in Japanese sika deer. The values are differences in wear rates between the group in the left column and that in the upper row; positive values indicate that the group in the upper row has a faster wear rate than that in the left column. Significant differences are shown in italics (P < 0.01) and bold (P < 0.001). Table S4. Matrix of pairwise comparisons with Holm correction of the wear rate of I1 mesiodistal breadth between sexes and between populations of Japanese sika deer. The values are differences in wear rates between the group in the left column and that in the upper row. Significant differences are shown in bold (P < 0.001). Table S5. Unworn I1 measurements and adult body size of 11 sika deer populations in Japan. Precise information on each population, except the Mt. Goyo and Kinkazan Island populations, was presented in Ozaki et al. (2007). Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; SD, standard deviation. Table S6. Results of regression analyses of unworn I1 size against adult body size using 11 sika deer populations. Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; CI, confidence interval. Figure S1. Linear regressions of unworn I1 size (I1 crown height and mesiodistal breadth) on adult body size (body mass and shoulder height) in sika deer. Population numbers are the same as those in Table S5. The Kinkazan population (population No. 3, red) shows larger deviations above the regression lines.
ArticleID:BIJ12128
istex:D2E6379D3E1AF679169160CBFDB3F790D3E9174B
ark:/67375/WNG-BQ77BRSN-Z
JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research - No. 13490010
ISSN:0024-4066
1095-8312
DOI:10.1111/bij.12128